tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77601757639308396822024-02-20T11:38:35.270-08:00Best essays reviewJanehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.comBlogger1898125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-54468336852521507222020-08-26T07:57:00.001-07:002020-08-26T07:57:22.862-07:00Genetic, Biological and Environmental Influences on School-Age Crack Research PaperHereditary, Biological and Environmental Influences on School-Age Crack Babies in Dealing with Multiple Stimuli and Forming Close - Research Paper Example Exploration has demonstrated that right around one million babies conceived in the USA have been at one time presented to one of the numerous unlawful medications while in utero. The social impacts related with these newborn children or split infants when regularly present themselves plainly when these kids arrive at period of going to class. Much of the time, the incitement procedure turns out to be extremely sporadic and such kids are confronted with troubles of managing these different boosts and have issues with regards to having close connections with individuals around them such an instructors and different understudies (McNichol and Tash, 2001). Managing numerous upgrades and framing close connections Research has indicated that we have a perpetual formative, neurological and conduct results which could be legitimately credited to the presentation on medicate use by guardians. One outstanding thing has been that guardians and even scholastic organizations are still very ill-eq uipped in managing this issue successfully (McNichol and Tash, 2001). Given nature in which such kids are presented to at an early age, it gets hard for them to incorporate completely with the general public around them. Children do acquire certain hereditary segments from their folks. The medication use meddles with a childââ¬â¢s improvement. ... Close perceptions made on these youngsters have demonstrated that they are ordinarily steadily pulled back from their condition and appreciate individual space more than keeping organization of others. It has additionally been noticed that these split infants are typically inclined to some abrupt snaps and scenes of savage conduct when contrasted with other kids. These have been credited to the way that their folks presented them to drugs in their pre-birth stage. Examination has demonstrated that newborn children presented to cocaine during the pre-birth stage display expanded danger of having engine brokenness (Schneider and Chasnoff, 1992). Additionally, the danger of having intra-venicular hemorrhages is expanded. Questions despite everything proliferate concerning the specific impact of hemorrhages with regards to the improvement procedure. The introduction has been noted to significantly influence the focal sensory system making variations from the norm these kids (Doberczak, 1 988). Fulroth, Phillips and Durand (1989) noticed that various children who have been presented to cocaine in their pre-birth stages give indications of withdrawal from the general public or the earth around them. Be that as it may, a few specialists disputed this basing their contention to the way that the span after birth matters and that the youngsters ordinarily standardize after the ages of 1 to 2 years. In any case, 30 to 40% of those kids contemplated demonstrated that they encountered language advancement issues which were aggravated by consideration issues that experienced their fourth year of development (Schneider and Chasnoff, 1992). Different investigations have additionally demonstrated that a significant number of the youngsters who have been a result of medication misuse related moms have various psychological and conduct challenges. This has been credited to the natural impacts. Different investigations such Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-10829039937074709122020-08-22T07:29:00.001-07:002020-08-22T07:29:25.544-07:00Acquired diabetes insipidus Essay Example For StudentsProcured diabetes insipidus Essay Procured NDI Procured NDI is the outcome of a few conditions (Table 2) that are portrayed by an expanded water yield and decreased pee osmolality, regardless of raised degrees of AVP. In a large number of these conditions, the kidney can't deal with water because of a disabled responsiveness to vasopressin. As talked about beneath, various rodent models with NDI have been assessed, and normal for everything is a decreased articulation of AQP2 in the main cells of the gathering conduits. In any case, as is talked about, the level of AQP2 downregulation just as the intracellular confinement of the protein contrasts fundamentally among the different conditions, recommending that various systems are answerable for AQP2 dysregulation in the different models. Notwithstanding DI, a couple of different genuine conditions are related with decreased AQP2 levels and urinary concentrating deserts (see Table 2). 1. Lithium-instigated NDI Lithium organization is an extremely normal treatment of hyper burdensome ailment. It is evaluated that 1 out of 1,000 of the populace get lithium, and around 20-30% of these create genuine symptoms including polyuria (16, 39) basically because of a vasopressin-safe urinary-concentrating imperfection, i.e., NDI. We inspected the impact of oral lithium treatment of rodents for 25 days. AQP2 and AQP3 levels were logically decreased to 5% of levels in charge rodents following 25 days of lithium treatment (129, 149). The downregulation of AQP2 articulation was resembled by a dynamic improvement of serious polyuria. With serum lithium levels in the restorative range, rodents created a day by day pee yield that coordinated their own weight (149). Likewise, quantitative immunoelectron microscopy of AQP2 marking in the IMCD head cells demonstrated that there was a decrease in AQP2 in the apical plasma film, just as in the basolateral plasma layer and intracellular vesicles. Accordingly decrease of AQP2 in both the apical and the basolateral plasma film may partake in the general diminished water reabsorption (149). The diminished AQP3 articulation was likewise affirmed by immunocytochemistry (129). Along these lines downregulation of both AQP2 and AQP3 seems to assume a critical job in the advancement of lithium-instigated polyuria. The decrease in AQP2 (and AQP3) articulation might be brought about by a lithium-initiated disability in the creation of cAMP in gathering channel head cells (38, 39), showing that hindrance of cAMP creation may to a limited extent be answerable for the decrease in AQP2 articulation just as the restraint of focusing to the plasma film in light of lithium treatment. This is reliable with the nearness of a cAMP-responsive component in the 5-untranslated locale of the AQP2 quality (92, 156) and with the ongoing showing that mice with characteristically low cAMP levels have low articulation of AQP2 (DI +/+). There was an exceptionally moderate recuperation in AQP2 articulation and reclamation of urinary focus after discontinuance of lithium treatment (149) predictable with clinical discoveries. In any case, treatment of lithium-diuretic rodents with hig h portions of the particular V2-receptor agonist dDAVP had the option to cause productive conveyance of AQP2 to the apical plasma film (a more noteworthy division of all out AQP2 was found in the layer than found in charge creatures), however there was just a humble increment in AQP2 articulation comparative with creatures treated with lithium alone. Despite what might be expected, thirsting of the rodents for 2 days brought about an a lot bigger increment in AQP2 protein levels, however small focusing to the apical plasma film (a ton of AQP2 was found in intracellular areas, I. e., intracellular vesicles). Thus, this examination indicated that thirsting was a more powerful upgrade for AQP2 articulation than dDAVP organization in the current model and gave proof to the nearness of a vasopressin-free guideline of AQP2 articulation levels. The presence of such a sign transduction pathway has as of late picked up help (58). Like the moderate recuperation of urinary fixation powerlessness found in patients who have been on lithium treatment, lithium-treated rodents likewise demonstrated a moderate recuperation. The concealment of AQP2 levels was parallelled by a diligent urinary concentrating deformity after expulsion of lithium from the eating regimen (149). .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d , .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .postImageUrl , .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d , .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:hover , .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:visited , .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:active { border:0!important; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:active , .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:hover { haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u8b361a16 0348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Importance Of Friendship Essay 2. Electrolyte aggravations related with NDI It is realized that both hypokalemia and hypercalcemia, clinically significant electrolyte variations from the norm, are related with polyuria because of a vasopressin-safe urinary concentrating imperfection. Be that as it may, as of late, in any event part of the fundamental atomic imperfections associated with the improvement . Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-42614235309349423702020-08-16T12:28:00.001-07:002020-08-16T12:28:02.755-07:00From Rags to Riches A Financial History of the NFLFrom Rags to Riches A Financial History of the NFL From Rags to Riches: A Financial History of the NFL From Rags to Riches: A Financial History of the NFLFrom a group of four rickety Midwestern football teams to a $14 billion-a-year financial juggernaut, The NFL has come a long way since it was founded in 1920.With the Super Bowl less than two weeks away, we thought it would be a good time to look back at the financial side of the NFLâs almost century-long history. Turns out that before they struck it big on TV, the National Football League was anything but a sure bet. The NFLâs early years saw financial instability and high turnover.If you had told the founders of the NFL that one day the league would be a financial juggernautraking in $14 billion a year and countingâ"theyâd have been surprised, to say the least. When the NFL was formed in 1920 in an auto showroom in Canton, Ohio, it was nothing more than four Ohio-based football teams banding together to make things a little easier for themselves.Those original four teams were the Akron Pros, the Canton Bulldogs, the Clevelan d Indians, and the Dayton Triangles. And when the American Professional Football Association (as it was then known) played its first season later that year, those four teams were joined by ten others, all of them based in the Midwest and almost all of them from small to mid-sized towns like Muncie and Rock Island.Only two of those teams are still with us today. The Decatur Staleys later moved to Chicago and became the Bears, while the Racine Cardinals eventually ended up in Arizona after long stops in Chicago and St. Louis. The Green Bay Packers joined the league in 1921. The following year, the league officially changed its name to the NFL.Those early years were rough going from a financial perspective. Making money from professional football games wasnât exactly easy, and most of the teams had payrolls held together with spit and rubber bands. As such, teams dropped in and out of the league or outright folded with astonishing regularity. The NFL roster fluctuated year to year wi th a high of 22 teams; it wasnât until 1936 that league roster saw zero turnover from the previous season.Moving east improved the NFLâs prospects, but baseball and college football still ruled.After years of instability, the league decided to install some quality control. In 1927, they restricted their membership to twelve teams, all of whom were (relatively) financially stable. Not all of those franchises would survive, but the ones that replaced them were in larger, Eastern cities like Boston, New York, and New York. With the exception of Green Bay, the leagueâs small-town Midwestern origins were being left behind in favor of the bustling eastern seaboard.Green Bay, by the way, is actually a publicly owned non-profit corporation. Instead of a single owner, they issue âsharesâ in the team, which are owned by thousands upon thousands of loyal fans. If youâre wondering how they managed to stay in Green Bay all these years, thatâs why. Not an Al Davis or Art Modell in sight. (Okay, league-wide revenue-sharing has also helped, but we havenât gotten to that part yet.)This Eastern migration did help the early NFL draw in more revenue and gain more financial stability. Still, even as the league made slight gains throughout the 1930s, it still struggled, both financially and culturally.One of the biggest problems was the fact that it was completely overshadowed by the college game. Many college football stars saw joining the NFL as a step down from the game theyâd played in school. And without high enough salaries to overcome those concerns, many of those same stars choose jobs in regular industries over playing football professionally.World War II saw many NFL players serve overseas, which meant that some teams temporarily merged until they returned. Once the war was over, the national economic boom of the 1950âs lifted the NFLâs prospects as well. Still, it remained a distant second (maybe even third or fourth) next to Americaâs real pasti me: baseball. As the 1960s dawned it seemed like the NFL was doomed to be a cultural and financial also-ran.The modern NFL is born, all thanks to one man (and millions of TV sets). Enter Pete Rozelle. When the NFL commissioner Bert Bell died in 1959 of a heart attack, the 33 -year-old Los Angeles Rams executive was elected commissioner early the following yearâ"though only after a whopping 23 ballots. Rozelle understood one thing above all else: The future of football didnât lie in gate receipts (i.e. money from ticket sales to live games). No, the future of the NFL lay in TV.This might seem like a âno duhâ kind of revelation nowadays, but back then it was pretty revolutionary. It was something that the NFLâs main competition, the American Football League (AFL) understood as well. In 1960, the AFL negotiated a two-year contract with ABC worth under $2 million annually to broadcast its games.NFL owners, on the other hand, were skeptical. After all, tickets were their main so urce of revenue. How were they supposed to make money by broadcasting games on TV, which meant that people no longer had to buy tickets in order to see their favorite teams play? And besides, wouldnât TV money end up turning the big-market teams like New York and Chicago into financial powerhouses, making it impossible for small-market teams like Green Bay to catch up?As it turns out, the AFL also had a slightly revolutionary solution to this problem: Taking the revenue from that TV contract and sharing it equally between all its teams. This promoted financial stability and gave every one of its teams a real chance to succeed. At the very least, it ensured that every team started the year with money in the bank. Revenue-sharing was such a good idea, in fact, that Rozelle wanted to steal it wholesale for the NFL.After the moving the NFLâs headquarters from the tiny Pennsylvania town of Bala-Cynwyd all the way to New York Cityâs Rockefeller Center, Rozelle set to work negotiatin g the NFLâs new TV deal. What he came away with was a two-year deal with CBS to broadcast every game of the NFLâs 1961 and 1962 seasons. The total price tag? $9.3 million split evenly between the leagueâs 14 teams.Hereâs what happened next: The CBS deal got blocked in court under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Undeterred, Rozelle started lobbying Congress and the Kennedy administration to get an exemption. After only three months, the Sports Broadcasting Act was passed and signed into law by Kennedy himself. The new law exempted professional football, baseball, basketball, and hockey leagues from antitrust regulations on their broadcast deals.In 1966, the NFL and the AFL announced a merger. While it would take until 1970 for the two leagues to fully combine their operations, some other changes would start immediately. Namely, The 1966 season would be the first one in which the winners of each league played each other for ultimate football supremacy. The name of this game would be ⦠The Super Bowl.The modern NFL is so profitable, its teams might not need actual fans.Last season, the NFL brought in a staggering $8.1 billion in league-wide revenue; add in local revenue, and the total topped $14 billion. Most of that money comes from TV, although the leagueâs merchandising arm, NFL Propertiesâ"another Pete Rozelle inventionâ"has also been a massive moneymaker.In its earliest days, NFL teams struggled to make money. Many were lucky if they could get a couple hundred fans to show up to their game. Nowadays, the importance of TV revenue has made ticket sales something closer to an afterthought. So what if only a few hundred fans show up? When it comes to the Los Angeles Chargers, in fact, the league might accidentally be conducting an experiment to see whether a team can be profitable without any fans at all!To read more about the financial side of history, sports, and pop culture, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:The Secret Financ ial History of Voting10 Money Lessons From the Worst Contracts in NBA HistoryMoney at the Movies: Does Box Office Gold Mean a Best Picture Win?The 12 Worst Financial Scandals In HistoryDo you have a personal finance question youd like for us to answer? We want to hear from you! You can find us on Facebook and Twitter. |Instagram Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-19341289243386928152020-05-24T05:15:00.001-07:002020-05-24T05:15:04.359-07:00The Perfect Aristotelian Tragedy Sophocles Oedipus the... Aristotle considered Sophocles Oedipus the King to be a nearly perfect example of Greek tragedy. His reasons were based on the structural perfection of the play, in which the protagonists recognition of his circumstances (anagnorisis) comes at the same moment as his reversal of fortune (peripeteia). But the terms whereby Aristotle defines character in Greek tragedy are slightly harder to work out where is the hubris of Oedipus? An examination of the plot will demonstrate that Oedipus hubris is manifest in the way in which he sets the plot of the tragedy into motion. The clue to Oedipus hubris is given at the outset of the play, in the speech at lines 58 through 77. Here, Oedipus is forced as king to take stock of the plague which has fallen upon Thebes the plague itself is considered an omen, which must have been caused by some horrific wrongdoing. Thus Oedipus has given orders to consult the oracle of Apollo, since Apollo was not only the inspirer of prophecy but also the god of pes tilence, and thus may give some insight into the mysterious plague. Oedipus phrases his account of his actions in the most lofty and high-minded terms: OEDIPUS: My poor, poor children! Surely long ago I have read your trouble. Stricken, well I know, Ye all are, stricken sore: yet verily Not one so stricken to the heart as I. Your grief, it cometh to each man apart For his own loss, none others; but this heart For thee and me and all of us doth weep. Wherefore it is not toShow MoreRelatedOedipus the King a Tragic Hero936 Words à |à 4 Pages1302-6504 Mrs.Weatherford 21 November 2011 A Tragic Hero Indeed! In Sophocles tragedy Oedipus the King, King Oedipus swears to solve the murder of former King Laios in order to free the city from the plague. The plague taunts the city destroying crops and livestock and making the women unable to bear children. A seer, Teirsias tells Oedipus that he himself is Thebesââ¬â¢s pollution for killing his father and marrying his mother. Oedipus ignores his words and is blind to the truth until he discovers thatRead MoreOedipus As A Tragic Hero1094 Words à |à 5 PagesIn the play Oedipus the King, Oedipus struggles to accept the truth and lets his temper over power him. He can be displayed as a tragic hero. His refusal to accept the truth led to Oedipusââ¬â¢ down fall. A tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle, ââ¬Å"is a literary character who makes a judgment error that inevitably leads to his/her own destruction.â⬠Sophoclesââ¬â¢ Oedipus exemplifies Aristotleââ¬â¢s definition of a tragic hero. In the play, Oedipus unknowingly has cursed the entire town of Thebes. He was cursedRead MoreThe Perfect Aristotelian Tragedy: Oedipus the King Essay1432 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Perfect Aristotelian Tragedy: Oedipus the King by Sophocles Works Cited Not Included Oedipus the King is an excellent example of Aristotles theory of tragedy. The play has the perfect Aristotelian tragic plot consisting of paripeteia, anagnorisis and catastrophe; it has the perfect tragic character that suffers from happiness to misery due to hamartia (tragic flaw) and the play evokes pity and fear that produces the tragic effect, catharsis (a purging of emotion). Oedipus the King hasRead MoreDeconstructing Tragedy And The Definition Of The Protagonistââ¬â¢S1173 Words à |à 5 PagesDeconstructing Tragedy and the Definition of the Protagonistââ¬â¢s Innocence In Sophoclesââ¬â¢ Oedipus Rex, Oedipus meets the Aristotelian definition of a tragic hero as divine fate and tragic flaws lead to his downfall. Oedipusââ¬â¢s tragic flaws like hubris, curiosity, and anger, contribute to his unfortunate fate. The components of a perfect tragedy as defined in Aristotleââ¬â¢s Poetics are at the center of Oedipus Rex. The play contains the elements of a perfect tragedy such asRead MoreOedipus: Aristotelian or Formalist Theory772 Words à |à 4 PagesTeiresiasââ¬â¢s speech at the end of scene one of Sophoclesââ¬â¢ play Oedipus Rex is fairly short but it is in this encounter between Oedipus and Teiresias where the main conflict of the story begins to unfold. This is a pivotal speech in the play as it helps to develop some of the major themes in the play as well as begin to build up the tragic irony at the center of the story. When this speech is analyzed using either Aristotelian or Formalist theory key elements can be found that are e ffective inRead MoreOedipus As A Tragic Hero1939 Words à |à 8 PagesStatement: Sophoclesââ¬â¢ Oedipus is a perfect example of Aristotleââ¬â¢s definition of a tragic hero through the main characters prosperity to an emotional downfall caused by a tragic flaw. I. Oedipus is a Tragic Hero a. Definition of a tragic hero as defined by Aristotle i. Aristotelian tragic hero is defined (Aristotle 1961, p. 1453a). b. Oedipus falling into Aristotleââ¬â¢s tragic hero definition i. Aristotle directs us to Oedipus the King as a tragic hero (Bruening 1997, pp. 14-15). II. How Tragedy AffectsRead MoreTragic Hero1598 Words à |à 7 Pagestragic hero was created in ancient Greek tragedy and defined by Aristotle. Usually, the realization of fatal flaw results in catharsis or epiphany. The tragic flaw is sometimes referred to as an Achilles heel after the single fatal flaw of the Greek warrior Achilles. [citation needed] Aristotelian tragic hero In a complex Aristotelian tragedy, the hero is of noble birth and is more admirable than ordinary men. He cannot, however, be morally perfect because the best plots arise when his downfallRead MoreA Dolls House As A Tragic Hero Analysis967 Words à |à 4 Pagesweakness, or tragic flaw in his character, falls into the depths of misery and often to his deathâ⬠(Ingham 1). Within Oedipus Rex, Sophocles laid the foundation for what is now considered the ideal tragic hero. Within A Dollââ¬â¢s House, Ibsen creates a modern hero in Nora Helmer; a woman who was oppressed for going against social rules for saving her husband. Nora follows the Aristotelian journey of a tragic hero, from hamartia through her tragic fall into catharsis. She is considered a modern day heroineRead MoreOedipus The King As A Tragic Hero Essay1491 Words à |à 6 Pagesdramas of all time, Sophoclesââ¬â¢ play Oedipus the King follows the tragic life of Oedipus, king of Thebes. Considered a Satyr play, the Oedipus trilogy is perhaps the most famous of Sophoclesââ¬â¢ plays. Oedipus the King, is an Athenian tragedy that was first performed somewhere around 429 BC in Athens, Greece. Originally, the Greeks referred to the play as simply ââ¬Å"Oedipus,â⬠as that was what Aristotle referred to it as in the Poetics. Perhaps what makes this play so memorable, is Sophoclesââ¬â¢ uses of the tragicRead MoreAnalysis of Oedipus As an Aristotelian Tragic Hero in Sophocles Oedipus Rex1799 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿Oedipus as an Aristotelian tragic hero Although one might be inclined to express uncertainty concerning the role of Sophocles Oedipus as a tragic hero (when regarding matters from a general point of view), the character perfectly fits Aristotles definition of a tragic hero. The protagonist in Oedipus Rex is noble and can be appreciated for his greatness, considering that he embodies a series of virtuous attributes. Even with this, he is not perfect and thus makes it possible for readers to Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-43783462562791010582020-05-13T07:25:00.001-07:002020-05-13T07:25:03.936-07:00Health Literacy The Peoples Understanding Of Health... Health literacy is the peoplesââ¬â¢ understanding of the information about health and health care. As well as how the information is applied to their lives including making decisions and representing it. Health literacy is essential to peopleââ¬â¢s lives as it form peopleââ¬â¢s health including the safety and quality of health care. For Australia, Health literacy is a significant issue. Health information and systems are becoming progressively more difficult and it is hard to understand. Similar to many established countries, approximately 60 per cent of adult Australians individually have low health literacy. Therefore, they will be not able to efficiently have a choice or say anything when making healthcare decisions. Individualââ¬â¢s low health literacy is related to higher use of health services as a result there are low levels of knowledge among consumers and poorer health outcomes. Approximately, people with low individual health literacy are between one-and-a-half and three times more are likely to have poor outcome. Significantly Health literacy can affect a clientsââ¬â¢ capacity to make decisions with taking action to manage their health and health care. Therefore, it essentially affects health care providers, the way their relationship is managed with clients and the health care delivery. For managers and policy makers Health literacy in essential as the complication of their systems and services can affect the clientsââ¬â¢ ability to use the services effectively. Importantly theShow MoreRelatedMedical Information And Health Care1516 Words à |à 7 Pagesand patients who do not understand medical information that is presented to them face various difficulties such as access to health care network, understanding of treatments, recommendations, and instructions. It this paper, the writer describes the formulation of the policy that helps to improve patient health literacy, communication, and information that related to health issues. Also, describes the evidence that needs to formulate a policy, alternatives, and selection criteria of policy, and itsRead MoreHealth Literacy And Effective Communication1229 Words à |à 5 Pagesgroups than non-indigenous population, low level of health literacy has been considered as negative factor that impacting on the delivery of effective care and health professionalsââ¬â¢ performances on medical treatment. With integrated health literacy program, culturally competent and appropriate communication at individual, systemic and organisational level would enhance health outcomes for consumerââ¬â¢s welfare. Most importantly, improved health literacy and effective communication skills would plays anRead MoreHealth Literacy1207 Words à |à 5 PagesHealth literacy is a term not widely understood by the general population. It is defined as ââ¬Å"the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions and services needed to prevent or treat illness,â⬠(About health literacy, 2014). A personââ¬â¢s level of health literacy is based on their age, education level, socioeconomic standing, and cultural background. Patients with low health literacy have a moreRead MoreImproving The Health Literacy Of Older Adults With Cardiovascular Disease1597 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction Health literacy is a vital aspect of peopleââ¬â¢s everyday lives. Without health literacy, individuals would struggle with the basic skills they require to properly take care of themselves. From everyday tasks to managing a personââ¬â¢s health, health literacy is integrated into everything that people encounter. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the application of the intersectoral approach can work to improve the health literacy of older adults with cardiovascular disease. This reportRead MoreHealth Literacy And Health Care1386 Words à |à 6 Pagesquality care to patients and the community. The ability to understand and act on health information is one of the main issue in healthcare today. A professional nurse is required to provide care and information for patients and their families. Patient and families have the right to able to understand medical information which would empower them to make informed decisions about their care (Lambert et al. 2013). Improvin g Health Literacy in healthcare settings allows greater understanding of informationRead MoreNursess Promotion Of Health Literacy Using Theories1706 Words à |à 7 PagesPromotion of Health Literacy Using Theories Health literacy has been a problem with our patients. The most vulnerable populations are the elderly, people with low-income levels, those with limited education, non-native speakers of English, those with chronic mental and physical health conditions, minority, and immigrant populations. Nurses have a great role in helping our patients succeed in understanding their health conditions. Nurses can be of great help in promoting health literacy. Sykes, WillsRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Literacy in Canada1104 Words à |à 5 PagesLiteracy is an important key component in almost every individualââ¬â¢s life. Also literacy could be described as one of the most important building blocks of our society. As our world and society becomes more complex, literacy becomes more and more important. Literacy has become so visibly important that sometimes people without proper education are not even accepted by our society. Today, many parents will do anything in order to send their chi ldren to the best schools, so their children can be educatedRead MoreHealth Literacy And The Health1603 Words à |à 7 Pagesare sicker. In May of 2010 the United States Department of Health and Human Services implemented The National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy in efforts to improve health literacy and the health of the nation. The Center for Disease and Control defines Health Literacy as the level of which a person can access, communicate, evaluate and understand basic health information. Health Literacy can range from knowledge about preventative care, treatment and awareness of all factors that can influenceRead MoreUnderstanding Literacy, And Health Literacy1665 Words à |à 7 PagesUnderstanding Literacy, and Health Literacy An understanding of literacy, and health literacy is crucial to understand their impact on client health outcomes. Further, a nurseââ¬â¢s ability to better educate clients lies in his or her understanding of these terms. Literacy is a multilayered, dynamic and complex topic; however, in short literacy is a set of skills including reading, writing oral skills, numeracy skills, and skills that enable us to acquire knowledge and information (Keefe CopelandRead MoreUnderstanding Literacy, And Health Literacy1663 Words à |à 7 PagesAn understanding of literacy, and health literacy is crucial to understand their impact on client health outcomes. Further, a nurseââ¬â¢s ability to better educate clients lies in his or her understanding of these terms. Literacy is a multilayered, dynamic and complex topic; however, in short literacy is a set of skills including reading, writing oral skills, numeracy skills, and skills that enable us to acquire knowledge and information (Keefe Cop eland, 2011). Literacy can be understood through Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-70919879827394268982020-05-06T13:34:00.002-07:002020-05-06T13:35:32.605-07:00Our Story Shaketeaholic Is a Philippine Homegrown Concept Free Essays It all started year 2013 when the owner wished to introduce a milk tea drink in Umbilical City , along with Filipino style ambiance. The name is derived from the drink to represent us that we specialize in producing milk tea shake revered with the best bubbles (pearls) and toppings. Many people especially students and workers would look forward for buying a cup of refreshing drink after a long hard day of studying, working and playing rather than buying a food that will lessen their hunger. We will write a custom essay sample on Our Story : Shaketeaholic Is a Philippine Homegrown Concept or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now STAKEHOLDERS are giving Umbilical City consumers something new to chew after swallowing ââ¬â something gummy and sweet called pearl or sago. Stakeholders found a surprisingly large following when they discovered that milk tea has a huge market potential and it is a trendy product. And to give our product a waist, we gave our customers a variety of choices when it comes in choosing their toppings, and aside from buying the usual milk tea, we will make the simple Milk tea into a Refreshing and Flavor milk tea SHAKE. Stakeholders offers variety of flavors like melon, chocolate, strawberry, vanilla, be. At Stakeholders we only used fresh quality ingredients that have no preservatives added, as we associate ourselves with world class brands from Taiwan, so itââ¬â¢s really healthy because many people now are getting into health benefits if milk, tea and pearl which some studies show that it may help fight cancer. How to cite Our Story : Shaketeaholic Is a Philippine Homegrown Concept, Papers Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-12526579424045677502020-05-06T13:34:00.001-07:002020-05-06T13:34:09.685-07:00Our Story Shaketeaholic Is a Philippine Homegrown Concept Free Essays It all started year 2013 when the owner wished to introduce a milk tea drink in Umbilical City , along with Filipino style ambiance. The name is derived from the drink to represent us that we specialize in producing milk tea shake revered with the best bubbles (pearls) and toppings. Many people especially students and workers would look forward for buying a cup of refreshing drink after a long hard day of studying, working and playing rather than buying a food that will lessen their hunger. We will write a custom essay sample on Our Story : Shaketeaholic Is a Philippine Homegrown Concept or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now STAKEHOLDERS are giving Umbilical City consumers something new to chew after swallowing ââ¬â something gummy and sweet called pearl or sago. Stakeholders found a surprisingly large following when they discovered that milk tea has a huge market potential and it is a trendy product. And to give our product a waist, we gave our customers a variety of choices when it comes in choosing their toppings, and aside from buying the usual milk tea, we will make the simple Milk tea into a Refreshing and Flavor milk tea SHAKE. Stakeholders offers variety of flavors like melon, chocolate, strawberry, vanilla, be. At Stakeholders we only used fresh quality ingredients that have no preservatives added, as we associate ourselves with world class brands from Taiwan, so itââ¬â¢s really healthy because many people now are getting into health benefits if milk, tea and pearl which some studies show that it may help fight cancer. How to cite Our Story : Shaketeaholic Is a Philippine Homegrown Concept, Papers Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-30773716791041956732020-05-04T08:51:00.001-07:002020-05-04T08:51:02.565-07:00Ethical and Credible Activist Cultural â⬠MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about the Ethical and Credible Activist Cultural. Answer: An ethical and credible activist Human resource manager should be an ethical and credible activist due to the reason that employees will follow the ethical standard in the organization from the human resource manager. It will help the organization to imply an ethical working environment in the internal organization. Being an ethical and credible activist, the human resource manager will have more credibility among the employees (Sekerka, Comer and Godwin 2014). Thus, the controlling and monitoring employees will be more effective for him. Following for the ethical standards by the human resource manager will motivate the employees to also follow the same. This will eventually enhance the goodwill and reputation of the organization in the market. Moreover, following of ethical principles will help to reduce the employee oriented issues and thus the productivity of the organization will get enhanced (Lazaroiu 2015). Human resource manager will more control over the management of the employees. In my previous job experience, I was given the responsibility of implementing a corporate social responsibility. In the implementation process, I am being the human resource manager, involved employees from all the departments in the project. Information and opinions are being gathered from them in order to enhance the effectiveness of the project. This helped the employees in possessing positive impression about the organization. Moreover, they felt motivated and engaged due to their involvement in the project. The following of this ethical principle in the organization helped me in enhancing the credibility of my post among the employees. They perceived me as an ethical activist and assumed that I will be the person who can ethically dissolve all their issues. Thus, this quality of mine helped me in enhancing my credibility of mine among the employees. In addition, the employees also felt motivate and engaged in their workplace. A cultural and change leader The human resource manager should also be a cultural and change leader in order to enhance the organizational productivity. Contemporary business organizations are operating in one of the most challenging business environment and thus they need to implement change management to cope up with the change in the business scenario. It is the responsibility of the human resource manager to have the leadership quality for motivating the employees in the change management (Thorn 2012). This quality of him will enable to aware the employees about the consequences of the change to be implemented. Moreover, cultural diversity along with determining the individual cultural background of the employees is also important to enhance the organizational culture (Alvesson 2012). This will help to increase the level of motivation of the employees and the change management will be more smooth and effective in the organization (Patrick and Kumar 212). It is due to the reason that employees will be well aw are about the change policies due to the effective leadership qualities of the human resource manager. Thus, the employees feedback will also be gained during the implementation of the change management in the organization. I worked as a volunteer in one of the NGO in Australia. They worked for the betterment of the underprivileged society. Workforce diversity was being implemented by me in the organization in order to enhance the productivity of the employees. At the initial stage, I faced resistance from the existing employees for this change. However, I had been able to convince them about the advantage of the workforce diversity and effectively implemented them in the organization. After implementation, monitoring is being done by me in order to determine the effectiveness of the change. It helped the organization in having various options and approaches for a certain issue. Moreover, the knowledge sharing among the employees also got enhanced due to variation in their cultures. A stakeholder mentor and coach Effective mentoring qualities of the human resource manager are important due to the reason that employees need guidance in their daily course of work. Moreover, in the present business scenario, determination of the requirement of the stakeholders of the organization including customers is important to survive in the market (Thurston, DAbate and Eddy 2012). Thus, the human resource manager should have the qualities of mentoring and coaching the stakeholders to motivate and guide them in their workplace along with identifying the requirements of them. It will help the organization to modify their policies accordingly. It is been seen that the employees feel more motivated and engaged in their workplace if they are being given proper guidance (Anitha 2014). Providing guidance will not only limit to supervising the employees in their job but also it includes a broader aspect. Motivating the employees by implementing various employee welfare policies in the organization and enabling the m in maintaining the effective work life balance is also included in the mentoring and coaching abilities of the human resource manager (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Proper guidance to the employees helps them in having clear idea about the job to be done by them and the process of accomplishing the job. Thus, eventually the productivity of the organization will get enhanced. In one of our college event, I was assigned the task of team manager for our football team due to the fact that I am a trained footballer. However, being the manager of the team, my first job was to identify the qualities of the team players and assigning the team role accordingly. Afterwards, I acted as a mentor to them and given effective coaching to enhance the teamwork and performance. In the due course of coaching, the players came to me with their issues which need proper guidance. The issues are being solved effectively and that caused the enhancement of the performance of the team. Though, our team cannot able to win the tournament, but the teamwork of us gets appreciation from others. The understanding among the team members caught attention of every one. Moreover, the satisfaction and motivational level of the players are also not got affected by the loss, rather they were more motivated for the next years event. Thus, with my mentoring capabilities, I made the players perf orm as a whole team and with more satisfaction and motivation. References Alvesson, M., 2012.Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Anitha, J., 2014. Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Lazaroiu, G., 2015. Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, p.97. Patrick, H.A. and Kumar, V.R., 2012. Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges.Sage Open,2(2), p.2158244012444615. Sekerka, L.E., Comer, D.R. and Godwin, L.N., 2014. Positive organizational ethics: Cultivating and sustaining moral performance.Journal of Business Ethics,119(4), pp.435-444. Thorn, I.M., 2012. Leadership in international organizations: Global leadership competencies.The Psychologist-Manager Journal,15(3), p.158. Thurston, P.W., D'Abate, C.P. and Eddy, E.R., 2012. Mentoring as an HRD approach: Effects on employee attitudes and contributions independent of core self?evaluation.Human Resource Development Quarterly,23(2), pp.139-165. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-42739512446263481362020-03-28T21:32:00.001-07:002020-03-28T21:32:02.865-07:00Personal Budget Balance Sheet free essay sample Therefore, being a good steward over your finances should be consistent and begin at an early age and progress as you age. This will provide an effective growth pattern to allow future financial security.à The purpose of this memorandum is to evaluate my clientââ¬â¢s financial outlook, their personal budget, balance sheet, and cash flow statement and provide recommendations for improvement of their financial situation. My client, Chauncey Latham is 51 years old and a police officer. He is married and has one dependent. Kyle Latham, Chaunceyââ¬â¢s wife is 47 years old and is currently not working. Prior to her unemployment, Kyle annual earnings were $96,000 a year. They live is a nice 4-bedroom house, in a great community with a sought after school district. The family has a comfortable looking life, though their financial outlook is pretty grim. Together Chauncey and Kyle earn $85,000 a year, which includes Chaunceyââ¬â¢s off duty work and Kyleââ¬â¢s unemployment benefit. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Budget Balance Sheet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their life savings have dwindled down the emergency fund is very low, and their credit card debt is high. The balance sheets show my clients assets and liabilities and verify their net worth. Any property including jewelry or saleable items is considered assets and can produce income. The asset value should have a fair market value, which means the amount of money they would have today if sold. This will allow them to have the proper foundation to establish strong financial understanding, develop strong money management skills that will pave the way long time financial security. Hence, I will determine their monthly income and show expenses to determine where modifications need to take place. IncomeActual Amt. PercentageProj Amount Salary $7,083 $7,083 Expenses Mortgage $1,400 $1,400 Property Tax $250 $250 Car Loan Payment $565 3% $548 Student Loan $485 4% $465 CC Payment $600 10% $540 House/Car/Life Ins $250 $250 Power $200 2% Water $70 $70 Telephone $265 10% $239 Gas/Transportation $400 $400 Food $800 10% $720 Clothing $100 50% $50 Med Exp. $150 $150 Entertainment $100 50% $50 Gift/Donation $300 30% $210 Saving/Emergency $500 $1,000 Savings Goal $300 $600 Based on the data, there is room for financial improvement. I would advise my clients to request lower interest rates on both their credit cards and car loan, and request student loan consolidation. Also, reducing the power usage in the home, change telephone plans to something more cost effective, and attempt to use coupons for grocery shopping when at all possible. Lastly reduce any spending on gifts, entertainment, and clothing would help in improving the overall financial outlook. If the plan is followed, the Lathams, would be able to increase the money deposited into the saving goal and emergency saving accounts. After a while, the money could be used to reduce the other debt. Having a personal budget is the blueprint for managing and spending finances. Use of the personal budget, gives you control over timely bill paying, monthly expenses, and provide an overall financial picture, so you know where you are each month.à Utilizing a budget will allow better forecasting in long-term financial needs, which will help in better long-term savings, student loans can be paid sooner, and liquid cash can be readily available when needed. A personal budget is key in improving financial health. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-16622055200825262842020-03-07T05:23:00.001-08:002020-03-07T05:23:02.750-08:00Free Essays on History Of The InternetIn 1964, the RAND proposal was put forward. Written by Paul Baran, this proposal stated the principles of a new network which was to be built for maximum strength and flexibility. This new network would have no central authority. The principles of this network were that all the nodes would be equal in status and each could send and receive messages. All the messages would be sent in packets, each with its own address. These packets would be sent at one node and would arrive at another one. This may seem rather obvious, but what was new was that the way the packets went through the net was not important. That means that if one node was destroyed, the rest of the nodes would still be able to communicate. This is of course was inefficient and rather slow, but extremely reliable. The Internet still uses this method nowadays, and there has been only one collective crash so far. The Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) wanted to install an advanced network based on the principles in the US. The network was called ARPANET and consisted of four high speed computers (nodes). In 1969, the first node was installed in UCLA. By 1971 there were 23 nodes on ARPANET. In 1972 the first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN. He chose the @ symbol to link the username to the address. Telnet protocol allowed logging on to a distant computer. It was published as Request for Comments (RFC). These were means of sharing developmental work throughout the network community. Instead of using the ARPANET for long distance computing, the scientists used it for communicating with each other. Each user had his/her own e-mail address. In 1973, ââ¬Å"Development began on the protocol later to be called TCP/IP, it was developed by a group headed by Vinton Cerf from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA. This new protocol was to allow diverse computer networks to interconnect and communicate with each other (Kristula 1974-1983).â⬠... Free Essays on History Of The Internet Free Essays on History Of The Internet In 1964, the RAND proposal was put forward. Written by Paul Baran, this proposal stated the principles of a new network which was to be built for maximum strength and flexibility. This new network would have no central authority. The principles of this network were that all the nodes would be equal in status and each could send and receive messages. All the messages would be sent in packets, each with its own address. These packets would be sent at one node and would arrive at another one. This may seem rather obvious, but what was new was that the way the packets went through the net was not important. That means that if one node was destroyed, the rest of the nodes would still be able to communicate. This is of course was inefficient and rather slow, but extremely reliable. The Internet still uses this method nowadays, and there has been only one collective crash so far. The Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) wanted to install an advanced network based on the principles in the US. The network was called ARPANET and consisted of four high speed computers (nodes). In 1969, the first node was installed in UCLA. By 1971 there were 23 nodes on ARPANET. In 1972 the first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN. He chose the @ symbol to link the username to the address. Telnet protocol allowed logging on to a distant computer. It was published as Request for Comments (RFC). These were means of sharing developmental work throughout the network community. Instead of using the ARPANET for long distance computing, the scientists used it for communicating with each other. Each user had his/her own e-mail address. In 1973, ââ¬Å"Development began on the protocol later to be called TCP/IP, it was developed by a group headed by Vinton Cerf from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA. This new protocol was to allow diverse computer networks to interconnect and communicate with each other (Kristula 1974-1983).â⬠... Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-17599793684580001502020-02-19T20:47:00.001-08:002020-02-19T20:47:02.337-08:00Childhood Obesity in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsChildhood Obesity in Society - Essay Example Causes There are numerous causes for obesity in general and childhood obesity in particular. In each of these, the society seems to have a role, however obscure it may be. The three most important are listed below. Dietary/ Food Habits: The effects of eating habits on childhood obesity are difficult to determine. A three year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counseling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. This was partly due to the fact the even though the children believed they were eating less their actually calorie consumption did not decrease with the intervention. At the same time observed energy expenditure remained similar between the groups. This occurred even though dietary fat intake decreased from 34% to 27% (Caballero et al., 2003). A second study of 5,106 children showed similar results. Even though the children eat an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI (Nader et al., 1999). Why these studies did not bring about the desired effect of curbing childhood obesity has been attributed to the interventions not being sufficient e nough. Changes were made primarily in the school environment, whereas it is felt that they must occur in the home, the community, and the school simultaneously to have a significant effect (Kolata, 2007). Researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill studied national beverage consumption patterns for over 73,000 Americans between 1997 and 2001 and found the following: overall calories from sweetened drinks went up... As the report stresses the effects of eating habits on childhood obesity are difficult to determine. A three year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counseling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. This was partly due to the fact the even though the children believed they were eating less their actually calorie consumption did not decrease with the intervention. At the same time observed energy expenditure remained similar between the groups. According to the research findings the popular thinking is that diet sodas help people to lose weight, since they are low in calories, data from the San Antonio Heart Study found that the more diet soda a person drinks the greater is the likelihood that he or she will become overweight or obese. ââ¬ËOn an average, for each diet soft drink our participants drank per day, they were 65 percent more likely to become overweight during the next seven to eight years and 41 percent more likely to become obese,ââ¬â¢ said Sharon Fowler, MPH, faculty associate in the division of clinical epidemiology at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center in San Antonio. Other, more recent unpublished findings from Fowler back this up. While parents and schools may need to do a better job of promoting regular exercise and better dietary choices, the viral distribution of these soft drinks doesnââ¬â¢t help. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-65499310790464826422020-02-04T12:43:00.001-08:002020-02-04T12:43:03.354-08:00Follow the materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsFollow the materials - Essay Example The two targeted audiences are the board of the school and the students. These audiences are different in several aspects (Longaker, 2011). The board is an official body that deals with the school management. This board is in charge of making decisions on matters concerning the school and student welfare. This board has the power to change laws within the school and should be approached with care, using all the writing ethics that are applied in official communication. The second audience consists of students. They are the ones affected by the school policies and laws. As mentioned in the letter to the board, the change in the fee structure will have a huge impact on the way the students function. This audience has no direct effect on the setting of school laws and policies. The final decisions do not lie in their hands, and they have to depend on the board to make important school decisions for them. The two audiences affect the way in which the communication decisions were made. The board implies the need of being official in the communication, bringing up the need to write an official letter. The message is effective because the board can be addressed as a single entity. This means that a single letter can be sent to the entire board instead of writing individual letters to Board members. It is also difficult to get the board to an interactive meeting as most of its members are difficult to reach. Hence, it is easier to write them a letter, which can be read to the entire board whenever they meet. The students, on the other hand, are available during school days and getting them into one sitting is easy. It is easier to communicate to them through mass presentations such as PowerPoint and website presentations. Thus, the decision to use a site presentation was driven by the fact that the students could be addressed quickly and informally. Using letters with them would require that multiple letters be written, one for each student. The letters are also Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-39334878563279071462020-01-27T09:06:00.001-08:002020-01-27T09:06:03.689-08:00Giving An Effective Oral Presentation Goals English Language EssayGiving An Effective Oral Presentation Goals English Language Essay INTRODUCTION An effective oral presentation achieve their objective and usually bring some benefit and learning to all the people involved in them, whether presenter, audience or tutor Chivers, B. Shoolbred, M. (2007) 1.1 What Is Oral Presentation Oral presentation involves communication between a speaker and an audience. Oral presentation is a process of speaking to a group of audience. The aim of presentation is usually to inform, to persuade the audience to act, to influence, to entertain, or to make audience think in a certain way. 1.2 Outline Academic Context Where English Is Important According to Crystal, D. (1997), English language is important because it has been widely dispersed around the world, become the leading language of international discourse, and has acquired use as lingua franca in many regions. English is a dominant language or in some instance even the required international language of communication, science, information technology, business, aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomacy.à [1]à 1.3 Need For Speech Training In English Speaker can refine their craft with ongoing training and education. Speaker will be a more effective communicator and will be able to influence and persuade audience as speech training increase speaker confident in spoken skills. Skills training included: Interpretion of symbols to create meaning. Regulative rules and constitutive rules in communication. Punctuation in communication affects meaning. Voice attributes (i.e., volume, pitch, intonation, tone, tempo, enunciation and pronunciation) affect speech quality. A confident speaker is more likely to use this as excitement and create effective speech thus increasing their overall ethos.à [2]à SPEAKING IN A FORMAL ACADEMIC CONTEXT 2.1 Description Of The Transactional Model Of Communication Transactional model shows communication as an ongoing and continuously changing process which takes into consideration the effects of noise, time and systems. In transaction model, communicators can be a speaker and a listener, and can send and receive messages simultaneously. In fact, the word transaction indicates that the communication process is cooperative. In other words, communicators that is senders and receivers are both responsible for the effect and effectiveness of communication. In a transactional encounter, people do not simply send meaning from one to other and then back again; rather, they build share meaning.à [3]à 2.2 Public Speaking Skills And Strategies Speaker can improve social skills to conquer fear of speaking in front of an audience. Speaker can boost self-confidence and project better in diverse situations. An effective speaker exerts a dynamic hold on an audience and can be very persuasive. A good speaker is usually sensitive to audience needs and reactions. Public speaking enhance academic and professional abilities. Speaker can be more critical when analysing arguments and information given. Speaker also able to respond appropriately to criticism and arguments. Public speaking skills help speaker to be more adept at reaching out to various types of people as speaker tailor speech to the needs of different audiences. Speaker also enhance leadership skills as speaker learn to present views and convince, and sway audience all without causing offence or slight to any group of people. There are many strategies to delivery presentation: Think positively. Change the way to think. Build confidence through careful preparation. Make use of a positive visualisation process to reduce anxiaty. Go through a positive public speaking experience or enlist the help of someone who can guide. Systemic desensitisation is used to treat many fear. It focuses on reducing the physical symptoms related to anxiety associated with any event and teaches people how to relax. The aim is to associate feeling good and relaxed with communication situations. Skills training in public speaking will teach ways to organise ideas as well as prepare and delivery speeches. Learning more about oral presentation skills will also help feel confident about giving speeches. Prepare and practse speech. Remember the main points, write down notes on cue cards and express what to say naturally.Get family or friends to listen and get feedback. Many relaxation techniques can be used to help to release tension when to give a speech. A simple one is to breathe deeply and then exhale slowly. The best way to minimize fear or anxiety is to get as much public speaking experience. With experience, initial fear will give way to comfort, confidence and even enjoyment. 2.3 Importance And Types Of Audience Analysis Audience analysis is essential in determining how speaker can build their presentation. Speaker would need to know the audience and purpose of the presentation because it affects the equipment to use, the level of preparation need to make, the type of attire need to wear etc. Make enquiries about the audience, with respect to their gender, age, social, economic, and educational backgrounds, prior knowledge, expectation, likes and dislikes, occupational backgrounds, place of residence, habits personality etc. The style of presentation should also be in tune with audience. PREPARING AN ORAL PRESENTATION 3.1 Setting And Audience Speaker familiar with the setting in which the speech is to be made is one way to reduce panic attacks and minimise the risk of unexpected problem cropping up at the last minute. For instance, speaker should find out the exact location of the place where the presentation is to be held. Start off early for the place if it is in the midst of a traffic congestion area. If arrive early, check whether need to go up on stage to present talk, and if there is a rostrum or not. Also check the public address system and the equipment that needs to be utilised. There is always the risk that the computer and the LCD projector might not function properly, find out how can get in touch with technicians who can assist when this happen. Purpose And Topic Purpose of presentation must be linked to the presentation topic. Based on this purpose, speaker must then spell out the objective. According to Cleary, S. (2008), the presentation must have a clearly defined purpose, to ensure a clear focus. The purpose of the presentation influences the choice of objective. The objective should be more specific. Structuring The Presentation Presentation must be structured in such a way so as to reflect clarity and smoothness. Audience is a listening audience and not a reading one. Audience cannot pay attention for a long period of time and may find the presentation difficult to follow if it is not systematically structured and organised. Structuring begin from main ideas. The issues that need to be discussed within each main point should be reduced in scope, especially when there is a likehood that the presentation would go beyond the limit. Each of the main ideas should be properly introduces, arranged and concluded. The sequence of main ideas should in a a manner that makes it easy for the audience to follow, such as start from the easier to the more difficult, or from the known to the unknown. Speaker can also opt to follow a time sequence. The arrangement of the points can also follow a logical sequence. Choosing Appropriate Support Materials Information can be found anywhere. In formal ways as in lectures, tutorials, books, newspapers, speeches, radio, TV etc., or in informal ways as in conversations, gossip, personal notes, memo, hearsay etc. Information can be found in a variety of media, formats and scripts. Not all information is relevant or suitable for speaker presentation. Evaluate the information obtained and select that which important for presentation. The ideal stage for evaluating the materials retrieved should be at the point of reading them, following the criteria setted. The scope, range and depth of presentation will depend on the evaluation and selection criteria that have setted. There are five criteria used in evaluating information; authority, accuracy and reliability, objectivity, currency and scope.à [4]à The material collected can be put into certain categories based on the main ideas raised. There might be a nedd to create sub-ideas under each main idea. Rehearsing The Presentation Speaker should rehearse presentation until confident that speaker can handle all aspect with finesse. Rehearse not only the verbal content of the presentation but also speaker posture, gesture and use of presentation aids.à [5]à Rehearsing can be done in front of a mirror. Speaker can see how their stand, look and deliver presentation. Rehearsing also can be done in front of friends who will give fair and honest feedback about content and delivery. MAKING AN EFFECTIVE ORAL PRESENTATION 4.1 Introducing The Topic An important step when giving an oral presentation is to introduce the topic before beginning to talk about it. This help to prepare the audience to listen to the presentation. 4.2 Presenting The Content When presenting the content, it is important to organise the presentation. It is good to outline what is speaker going to speak about. Make sure that the outline consists of introduction, body of content and conclusion. When making a presentation, make sure to stand straight and maintain eye contact with the audience. Dont forget to greet the audience before start presentation. Try not to read from notes. Talk to audience instead. Speak with an even tone. Be loud enough to be heard but do not shout. Drawing A Conclusion An important step when giving an oral presentation is to conclude the talk well. Speaker should summarise the main points of the presentation. This helps the audience to grasp what has been said. When its over, thank the audience for being good listener and leave with a smile. 4.4 Tips For Effective Delivery Here some proven tips on how to build confident and give better presentation: Know more about material than what been include in presentation. Use humour or personal storiese. So, that way speaker would not easily forget what to say.à [6]à Practise, practise and practise! Rehearse out loud with all equipment to use. Revise as necessary. Work to control filler word; practise, pause, breathe. Practise with a timer and allow time for unexpected.à [7]à Know the room. Arrive early, walk around the speaking area and practise using the microphone and any visual aids.à [8]à Know the audience. Greet the audiences. Its easier to speak to a group of friends than to strangers.à [9]à Relax. Transform nervous into enthusiasm. Concentrate on the presentation. Focus attention away from anxiety. SUMMARY Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-33104612695162419352020-01-19T05:29:00.001-08:002020-01-19T05:29:03.499-08:00Analysis NetworkCIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PACKET SWITCHING 1) INTRODUCTION Telecommunication networks carry information signals among entities, which are geographically for apart. The communication switching system enables universal connectivity. Switches can be valuable asset to networking[1]. Overall, they can increase the capacity and speed of our network. Every time in computer network we access the internet or anotherà computer network outside our immediate location, our messages are sent through a maze of transmission media and connection devices.The mechanism for moving information between different computer network and network segment is called switching in computer network[2]. Figure 1: Switched network Long distance transmission is typically done over a network of switched nodes. Nodes not concerned with content of data. A collection of nodes and connections is a communications network. Data routed by being switched from node to node. Nodes may connect to other nodes only, or to stations an d other nodes. Node to node links usually multiplexed. However, switching should not be seen as a cure-all for network issues.There are two different switching technologies which are: 1) Circuit switching and 2) Packet switching. 1. Circuit Switching Circuit switching was the first switching technique have been used in communication network. This is due to easy to carry analog signals. Circuit switchingà network establishes a fixed bandwidth channel between nodes before the users may communicate, as if the nodes were physically connected with an electrical circuit. The bit delay is constant during the connection, as opposed to packet switching, where packet queues may cause varying delay.In circuit switching, the transmission medium is typically divided into channels using Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), or Code Division Multiplexing (CDM). A circuit is a string of concatenated channels from the source to the destination that carries an inf ormation flow. To establish the circuits, a signaling mechanism is used. This signaling only carriers control information, and it is considered an overhead. Since all decisions are taken by the signaling process, the signaling mechanism is the most complex part in circuit switching.Each circuit cannot be used by other callers until the circuit is released and a new connection is set up. Even if no communication is taking place in a dedicated circuit then, that channel still remains unavailable to other users. Channels that are available for new calls to be set up are said to be idle. Telephone network is example of circuit switching system. Virtual circuit switching is a packet switching technology that may emulate circuit switching, in the sense that the connection is established before any packets are transferred, and that packets are delivered in order.Unlike with packet switched networks, we cannot just send a ââ¬Ëpacketââ¬â¢ to the destination. We need to establish and la ter terminate the connection. We need to have some way of transmitting control information, we can either do this in band that the same channel we use for data or out of band which is on a seperate dedicated channel. Phone networks used in band signaling a while ago we could control switching and other functionality by playing tones into the telephone. Today in band signaling is considered unsecure and is not used except for compability with old systems[3]. 2. Packet SwitchingPacket switchingà is a communications paradigm in which packets are routed between nodes over data links shared with other traffic. In packet-based networks, the message gets broken into small data packets. These packets are sent out from the computer and they travel around the network seeking out the most efficient route to travel as circuit become available. This does not necessarily mean that they seek out the shortest route. Each packet may go different route from the others. Each packet contains a ââ¬Å "headerâ⬠with information necessary for routing the packet from source to destination.The header address also describes the sequences for reassembly at the destination computer so that the packets are put back into the correct order. Each packet in a data stream is independent. To be able to understand packet-switching, we need to know what aà packetà is. Theà Internet Protocol (IP), just like many otherà protocols, breaks data into chunks and wraps the chunks into structures called packets. Each packet contains, along with the data load, information about the IP address of the source and the destination nodes, sequence numbers and some other control information.A packet can also be called a segment or datagram. Once they reach their destination, the packets are reassembled to make up the original data again. It is therefore obvious that, to transmit data in packets, it has to be digital data. The packet switching can broadly be divided into two main categories, first is the virtual circuit approach and other is the datagram approach. In the virtual circuit approach to packet switching, the relationship between all packets belonging to the message or a session is preserved. A single route is chosen between the sender and the receiver at beginning of the session.When the data are sent, all packets of transmission travel one after another along that route. The wide area networks use the virtual circuit approach to the packet switching. The virtual circuit approach needs a call setup for establishing a virtual circuit between the source and destination. A call teardown deletes virtual circuit. After the setup, routing takes place based on the identifier known as the virtual circuit identifier. This approach can be used in the WANs, frame relay and an ATM. In the other approach of packet switching that is the datagram approach, each packet is treated independently of all others.Even if one packet is just a piece of a multi-packet transmission, the ne twork treats it as though it is existed alone. Packets in this approach are known as the datagram. The internet has chosen datagram approach to switching in the network layer. It uses the universal addresses defined in network layer to route packets from the source to destination. Inà packet-switching, the packets are sent towards the destination irrespective of each other. Each packet has to find its own route to the destination. There is no predetermined path; the decision as to which node to hop to in the next step is taken only when a node is reached.Each packet finds its way using the information it carries, such as the source and destination IP addresses[4]. 2) HISTORY OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PACKET SWITCHING * Evolution of Circuit Switching Switches are used to build transmission path between telephone set on a flexible basis. Without switches, each telephone set would require a direct, dedicated circuit to every other telephone set in order to be able to communicate. This is a full-mesh physical topology network. Such a full mesh network clearly is resource-intensive, impractical and even impossible, as early experience proved.Circuit Switching were developed for voice communications. Contemporary circuit switches provide continuous access to logical channels over high-capacity physical circuits for the duration of the conversation. In January 1878, the first telephone switch went into operation in New Haven Connecticut. Switching technology had advanced drastically over the intervening decades, yet the basic function had remained the same: interconnect users of telephones by creating circuits between them. Every telephone has a line, or circuit, that connects physically to a telephone switch.In the simple case of both the person making the call and the person being called are connected to the same switch, the caller dials the number of the desired person, the switch checks to see if the line is available, and if it is, the two lines are interconnec ted by the switch. The connection is maintained until one person hangs up his or her telephone, at which time the switch terminates the connection, freeing both lines for other calls. Three characteristics of this type of switching, called ââ¬Å"circuit switching,â⬠are important.First, before the two parties can talk the circuit between them has to be created, and it takes time for a switch to check if a connection can be made and then to make the connection. Second, when a connection has been made, it creates a dedicated connection. No other party can reach either party of a dedicated connection until that connection has ended. Three, since switches are very expensive one accounting policy telephone companies implemented to recover their investment was to institute a minimum charge for every telephone call, generally three minutes.For voice calls that lasted many minutes, a minimum charge did not represent a problem. But communications between computers often last less than seconds, much less minutes. It was difficult to image how circuit switching could work efficiently for computer communications when such a system took minutes to make a connection, created dedicated connections so only one person, or party, could be in connection with another party, and had a prohibitive cost structure. Although these issues were generally understood before the experiments of Roberts and Marill in 1965, they were once again strongly confirmed.The experiments also made it abundantly clear that the problems confronting computer communications were not only with the circuit-switching architecture of the telephone system. Host operating system software of the day assumed there was only one Host and all connecting devices were as if ââ¬Å"slaves. â⬠Hosts were not designed to recognize or interact with peer-level computers; the concept of peer-level computing did not yet exist. Thus, in interconnecting two computers, one had to be master and one slave. The problem only became worse if more than two computers wanted to interconnect and communicate.Nevertheless, the problem of Host software was considered to be solvable if a suitable communication system could be designed and made to work. Fortunately, an inquisitive innovative scientist, Paul Baran, had already explored the problems of circuit switching beginning in 1959. By 1962, he had made his concept of a message-based communication system publicly known. Independently, in 1965, an English scientist, Donald Davies reached the same conclusions as had Baran and would coin its name: packet switching. * Evolution of Packet Switching The concept of packet switching had two independent beginnings, with Paul Baran and Donald Davies.Leonard Kleinrock conducted early research and authored a book in 1961 in the related field of digital message switching without explicitly using the concept of packets and also later played a leading role in building and management of the worldââ¬â¢s first packet s witched network, namely the ARPANET. Baran developed the concept of packet switching during his research for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first published in 1962, and then including and expanding somewhat within a series of eleven papers titled ââ¬Å"On distributed communicationsâ⬠in 1964.Baranââ¬â¢s earlier paper described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed survivable communication network. His paper focused on three key ideas: 1) the use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, 2) dividing complete user messages into what he called message blocks (packets), and 3) delivery of this message by store and forward switching. Baranââ¬â¢s study paved the way for Robert Taylor and J. C. R.Licklider, both wide-area network evangelists working at the Information Processing Technology Office, and it also helped influence Lawrence Roberts to adopt the technology when Taylor put him in charge of developm ent of the ARPANET. Baranââ¬â¢s packet switching work similar to the research performed independently by Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK. In 1965, Davies developed the concept of packet switched networks and proposed development of a U. K. wide network. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from Ministry of Defense told him about Baranââ¬â¢s work.At the 1967 ACM Symposium on operating system principles, Davies and Robert bringing the two groups together. Interestingly, Davies had be chosen some of the same parameters for his original network design as Baran, such as a packet size of 1024 bits. Roberts and the ARPANET team took the name ââ¬Å"packet switchingâ⬠itself from Davies work. In 1970, Davies helped build a packet switched network called Mark I to serve the NPL in the UK. It was replaced with the Mark II in 1973, and remained in operation until 1986, influencing other packet communications research in UK and Europe[5]. 3) COMPARISON BETWEEN CIRCUIT AND PACKET SWITCHINGCircuit Switching: In circuit switching a message path or data communication path or channel or circuit is dedicated to an entire message block during the process of message transmission. The entire bandwidth is dedicated to the said message as it were, and before any data transmission can take place circuit initialisation and setup has to be done to enable or determine the avalaibility of the link as in trying to make a call using the telephon line for voice messaging or even dial-up procedure where you need to establsih that the line is free for use in the first place; and then have the line engaged all through your time of use.All the message travel through the same path and keep the link engaged all the while when the block of message is been relayed or transmitted. In circuit switching, whole of the data travels along a single dedicated path between the two terminals whereas in datagram switching data is divided into packets an d each of these packets are treated indepently and travel along different paths, source and destination being the same. Circuit switching concept is used in Telephony networks where a dedicated line is assigned to particular connection, the connection in this case is permanent during the connection.Considerable amount of bandwidth is wasted in this process and at a time only one way communication is possible. Circuit switching is done at physical layer whereas datagram switching is generally done at network layer. Circuit switching requires the resources to be reserved before the transmission of data but datagram switching doesnââ¬â¢t require such reservation of resources. Advantages: 1. Fixed delays, because of the dedicated circuit ââ¬â no interference and no sharing. 2. Guaranteed continous service, also because of the dedicated circuit. . Guaranted the full bandwidth for the duration of the call. Disadvantages: 1. Takes a relatively long time to set up the circuit. 2. Dif ficult to support variable data rates and is not efficient for burst traffic. The equipment may be unused for a lot of call, if no data is being sent the dedicated line still remains open. 3. During crisis or disaster, the network may become unstable or unavailable. 4. It was primarily developed for voice traffic rather than data traffic. Packet Switching:In packet switching the block of data is split into small units with each unit having a sequence number attached to it for orderly identification within a given message block and these different units are usaully sent across the available diffrent links or channels of data transmission from one end to the other end point where they arrvive at different times but have to be assembled together in the correct order at this location via the sequence numbers to get out the original message back without any data degredation occuring as a result of the different paths of transmissions from source to destination.Also no single data channel is dedicated to any given message block in the course of transmission as many units of different messages can be multiplexed and then get demultiplexed at their deffferent destinations correctly since there are codes to differentiate each unit of message, resulting to no conflict at all. Packet switching splits messages into small units and transmitting them to destination using different paths while at the same time keeping tracks or maintaining an orderliness of the units for proper and correct reassembling of the units to get the original message back.Packet switching is generally used in Internet data transmmission where we send data without minding if the link is free or not as far as we are connected and the pieces of information that we sent are then split into smaller units and then sent in packets, with each packets switched through different data channel most times and with no loss at the end. The main advantage of packet-switching is that it permits ââ¬Å"statistical mu ltiplexingâ⬠on the communications lines. The packets from many different sources can share a line, allowing for very efficient use of the fixed capacity.With current technology, packets are generally accepted onto the network on a first-come, first-served basis. If the network becomes overloaded, packets are delayed or discarded (ââ¬Å"droppedâ⬠)[6]. Advantages: 1. Since packet are typically short, the communication links between the nodes are only allocated to transferring a single message for a short period of time while transmitting each packet. Longer messages require a series of packets to be sent but do not require the link to be dedicated between the transmission of each packet.The implication is that packets belonging to other messages may be sent between the packets of the message being sent from one node to other node. This provides a much fairer sharing of the resources of each of the links. 2. The ability to do statistical multiplexing which can exploit the i nherent ââ¬Å"burstinessâ⬠in many data applications and thereby enable sharing of the network resources more efficiently among multiple data streams is a major advantage. 3. Pipeliningâ⬠- This simultaneous use of communications links represents a gain in effieciency, the total delay for transmission across a packet network may be considerebly less than for message switching, despite the inclusion of a header in each packet rather than in each message. Disadvantages: 1. Packets arriving in wrong order. 2. Under heavy use there can be delay. 3. Protocols are needed for a reliable transfer. 4. Not so good for some types data streams. Real-time video streams can lose frames due to the way packets arrive out of sequence[7]. ) PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Circuit Switching In circuit switching, a unique connection is used to move data between the two end user[8]. ââ¬Å"Circuit-Switched type networksâ⬠are most commonly portions of the ubiquitous telephone networks to which we ar e all accustomed. In these networks, which generally transmit voice or data, a pribate transmission path is established between any pair or group of users attempting to communicate and is held as long as transmission is required.Telephone networks are typically circuit switched, because voice traffic requires the consistent timing of a single, dedicated physical path to keep a constant delay on the circuit. Figure 2: Example of circuit switching Figure 3: Public circuit switching network Subcribers: The device that attach to the network. Subscriber loop: The link between the subscriber and the network. Exchanges: The switching centers in the network. End office: The switching center that directly supports subscribers. Trunks: The branches between exchanges. They carry multiple voice-frequency circuit using either FDM or synchronous TDM.Figure 4: Circuit establishment Basic performance equation for a single link in a circuit-switched network: Letââ¬â¢s consider a system with N cir cuits on a single link, with customers arriving according to a Poisson process at rate ? customers per second, and with successful customers having a mean holding time of h seconds, distributed as a negative exponential distribution with parameter ? = 1/h. If a customer attempting a new call finds all the circuits busy, there are no waiting places, so weââ¬â¢ll assume that the customer just goes away and forgets about making the call.Define the state of our system by the random variable K, where K represents the number of customers currently in the system, then K can take on any integer value in the range from 0 to N. With these assumptions, our model is simply a state-dependent queue, with arrival rate (independent of the state), and service rate i when the system is in state K=i. This is known as an M/M/N/N queue: Markovian arrivals, Markovian service time, N servers, and a maximum of N customers in the system. We can draw the following Markov chain diagram to represent the sy stem.When there are I customers the service rate is i , which is due to the fact that there are i customers, each with a service rate ? , so the total service rate is i. Figure 5: Markov chain diagram Under conditions of statistical equilibrium, the solution is: pi=AiN! j=0NAjj! Observe that this is simply a truncated Poisson distribution and also the result depends on the traffic A, and not the specific values of ? and ?. To establish a path in circuit switching three consecutive phases are required: 1. Connection establishment. 2. Data transfer. 3.Connection teardown. Elements of a circuit-switch node (Figure 6): * Digital Switch: Provides a trasnparent signal path between any pair of attached devices. * Control Unit: Establishes, maintains and tears down connections. * Network Interface: Functions and hardware needed to connect digital and analog terminals and trunk lines. Figure 6: Circuit switch element Packet Switching In packet switching, data are broken into packets of fixed or variable size, depending on the protocol used. The performance of packet switching is called best effort performance.If you transmit from sender to receiver, all the network will do its best to get the packet to the other end as fast as possible, but there are no guarantees on how fast that packet will arrive. Figure 7: Example of packet switching Packet switching is used to optimize the use of the channel capacity available in digital telecommunication networks such as computer networks, to minimize the transmission latency, the time it takes for data to pass across the network. It is also used to increase robustness of communication. These layers are introduced to break down the complexity of communications.The top layer (layer 7) is the layer at user level. As the layers go down, they get increasingly primitive. Layer is most primitive from as it is just binary numbers prepared to be transmit to the end node. Seven layers of open systems interconnection models are shown in ta ble 1[7]: Layer Number| Name| Description| 1| Pysical Layer| Deals with physical connection between nodes in network. | 2| Data Link Layer| Maintaining and optimising actual connection. | 3| Network Layer| Deals with communication of data on a network. | 4| Transportation Layer| Sequencing, error detection and optimisation of communication. 5| Session Layer| Controls the communication between applications running on end nodes. | 6| Presentation Layer| Format data and provides syntaxes for application. | 7| Application Layer| Contains management functions. | Table 1: Layers of open systems interconnection model Every packet contain some control information in its header, which is required for routing and other purposes. Figure 8: Packet data format Initially, transmission time decreases as packet size is reduced. But, as packet size is reduced and the payload part of a packet becomes comparable to the control part, transmission time increases.Figure 9: Variation of transmission time with packet size. As packet size is decreased, the transmission time reduces until it is comparable to the size of control information. There is a close relationship between packet size and transmission time as shown in Figure 9. In this case it is assumed that there is a virtual circuit from station X to Y through nodes a and b. Times required for transmission decreases as each message is divided into 2 and 5 packets. However, the transmission time increases if each message is divided into 10 packets[9].The packet switched networks allow any host to send data to any other host without reserving the circuit. Multiple paths between a pair of sender and receiver may exist in a packet switched network. One path is selected between source and destination. Whenever the sender has data to send, it converts them into packets and forwards them to next computer or router. The router stores this packet till the output line is free. Then, this packet is transferred to next computer or router ( called as hop). This way, it moves to the destination hop by hop. All the packets belonging to a transmission may or may not take the same route.The route of a packet is decided by network layer protocols. As we know there are two approaches for packet switching which are: 1. Datagram switching, 2. Virtual circuit swtiching. 1. Datagram Switching: Each packet is routed independently through network which is also called connectionless packet-switching. Datagram packet switching sends each packet along the path that is optimal at the time the packet is sent. When a packet traverses the network each intermediate station will need to determine the next hop. Routers in the internet are packet switches that operate in datagraam mode.Each packet may travel by a different path. Each different path will have a different total transmission delay (the number of hops in the path may be different, and the delay across each hop may change for different routes). Therefore, it is possible for the p ackets to arrive at the destination in a different order from the order in which they were sent[10]. Figure 10: Datagram packet switching Figure 11: Delay in datagram packet switching There are three primary types of datagram packet switches: * Store and forward: Buffers data until the entire packet is received and checked for errors.This prevents corrupted packets from propagating throughout the network but increases switching delay. * Fragment free: Filters out most error packets but doesn't necessarily prevent the propagation of errors throughout the network. It offers faster switching speeds and lower delay than store-and-forward mode. * Cut through: Does not filter errors; it switches packets at the highest throughput, offering the least forwarding delay. 2. Virtual Circuit Switching: Virtual circuit packet switching (VC-switching) is a packet switching technique which merges datagram packet switching and circuit switching to extract both of their advantages.VC switching is a v ariation of datagram packet switching where packets flow on so-called logical circuits for which no physical resources like frequencies or time slots are allocated shown in Figure 12. Each packet carries a circuit identifier, which is local to a link and updated by each switch on the path of the packet from its source to its destination[10]. A virtual circuit is defined by the sequence of the mappings between a link taken by packets and the circuit identifier packets carry on this link. In VC-switching, routing is performed at circuit establishment time to keep packet forwarding fast.Other advantages of VC-switching include the traffic engineering capability of circuit switching, and the resources usage efficiency of datagram packet switching. Nevertheless, a main issue of VC-Switched networks is the behavior on a topology change. As opposed to Datagram Packet Switched networks which automatically recompute routing tables on a topology change like a link failure, in VC-switching all virtual circuits that pass through a failed link are interrupted. Hence, rerouting in VC-switching relies on traffic engineering techniques[6].Figure 12: Virtual circuit packet switching Figure 13: Delay on packets in virtual-packet switching 5) APPLICATION OF CIRCUIT AND PACKET SWITCHING Circuit Switching 1. Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) The plain old telephone system (POTS) is the largest circuit switched network. The originalà GSMà network is also circuit switched. Prior to the existence of new types of networks, all communication systems had to be built based on the existing telecommunications facilities, which were largely oriented to what the common carriers refer to as plain old telephone service, known as POTS.Consequently, even today, in order to use POTS for data communications, it is necessary to use a modem to convert the data to a form suitable for voice-transmission media. The data transmission rate that can be obtained over a POTS connection is typically les s than 64 Kbps. These rates are adequate for text and audio transmission. However, they are not suf? cient for good quality video transmission in real-time. 2. Switched 56 Service Switched 56 service is a dial-up digital service provided by local and long distance telephone companies. For a connection, a data service unit/data channel unit (DSU/CSU) is used instead of a modem.Switched 56 service uses a 64 Kbps channel, but one bit per byte is used for band signaling, leaving 56 Kbps for data. This service allows the transmission of information over one or two twisted cable pairs to multiple points at a data rate of 56 Kpbs. 3. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) The ISDN was designed in the 1980s to offer end-to-end digital connectivity, while providing the required QoS with data rates in the range of Kbps to Mbps over switched connections. In order to provide even higher data rates, the original ISDN was extended to broadband ISDN (BISDN) (Martin, 1985).The ISDN services are provided to users as ISDN interfaces, each comprising a number of ISDN channels. Using 64-Kbps channels, called bearer or B channels, ISDN provides access to the digital network. ISDN provides lower error rate compared to typical voiceband modems and a relatively high bandwidth data channel[11]. Packet Switching 1. VOIP It is becoming increasingly accepted to transmit delay sensitive data through a packet switched network (rather than circuit switched). There are protocols that can create a virtually real-time environment ââ¬â which, for voice conversations, is sufficient.Voice over IP is essentially a voice signal encoded into a digital format, being sent through a packet switched network (or possibly any other network) using the Internet Protocol (IP). Over recent years there have been standards developed and supported by major companies including ITU-T H. 323. VOIP has a long way to evolve before it is used as widespread as circuit switched networks, but it is well on its wa y. 2. IPv6 The current protocol that is employed almost everywhere IP (IPv4) has come to the end of its useful life. This is mainly because it has run out of addresses to uniquely identify every non-private computer in the world.IPv6 has been deigned to be more efficient than IPv4 and solve the addressing problems that we face at present. Ipv6 will use 128 bits to address nodes, which provides 2128possibilities (roughly3. 4? 1038). It will incorporate a special ââ¬Ëoption mechanismââ¬â¢ to store optional headers in the transport layer (to maximize efficiency by reducing required space). Finally, Ipv6 will have support for resource allocation, allowing packets to be part of a ââ¬Ëtraffic flowââ¬â¢ which will provide better communication of data such as video/voice streams [VOIP]. 6) CONCLUSION In large networks there might be multiple pathsà linking sender and receiver.Information may be switched as it travels through various communication channels. Data networks can be classified as using circuit-switching or packet-switching. Packet switching, which forms the basis of the Internet, is a form of statistical multiplexing in which senders divide messages into small packets. The switching centers receive the control signals, messages or conversations and forwards to the required destination, after necessary modification link amplification if necessary. In computer communication, the switching technique used is known as packet switching or message switch (store and forward switching).In telephone network the switching method used is called circuit switching. Circuit switchingà is a technique that directly connects the sender and the receiver in anà unbroken path. In the modern and fast paced world, what we are looking for is efficiency, low costs and reliability and packet-switched networks seems to fulfill most of the criteria that the society is looking for. It would only be a matter of time before circuit switching becomes a thing of the past. 7) REFERENCES [1] Stallings, W. , Data and Computer Communications, 7th ed. 1999, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. [2] Notes. com, C.What is Switching. Available from: http://ecomputernotes. com/computernetworkingnotes/computer-network/what-is-switching. [3] ABC, T. , Circuit Switching. 2005. [4] Jia, S. and G. Wang. Network performance analysis of packet-switching C;sup;3;/sup; system. in TENCON '89. Fourth IEEE Region 10 International Conference. 1989. [5] Wikipedia, Packet Switching, 2012, Wikipedia. [6] Torlak, P. M. , Telecommunication Switching and Transmission. Packet Switching and Computer Networks: UTD. [7] Heng Zheng Hann, C. Y. Y. , Fareezul Asyraf, Farhana Binti Mohamad, Fong Poh Yeee, Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching, C.Y. Y. Heng Zheng Hann, Fareezul Asyraf, Farhana Binti Mohamad, Fong Poh Yeee, Editor, Wikibooks. [8] Gebali, F. , Analysisof Computer and Communication. Switches and Routers2008, New York, USA: Springer. [9] Kharagpur, I. , Switching Techniqu es: Circuit Switching, CSE. [10] Notes. com, C. Datagram Packet vs. Virtual Packet. Available from: http://ecomputernotes. com/computernetworkingnotes/switching/distinguish-between-datagram-packet-switching-and-virtual-circuit-switching. [11] Dr. Farid Farahmand, D. Q. Z. , Circuit Switching. 2007. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-48792725517782787222020-01-11T01:52:00.001-08:002020-01-11T01:52:06.741-08:00Corporate Governance In Coca Cola Corporation Commerce EssayThe Coca-Cola Corporation is dedicated to reverberation political orientation of communal authorization. The Board is designated by the stockholders to oversee their concentration in the enduring strength and the mostly achievement of the production and its economic power. The Board provides as the eventual declaration industry organic structure of the concern, excepting for persons affairs retained to or reciprocally shared with the stockholders. The Board elects and administers the associates of superior organisation, who are charged by the Board with accomplish the production of the corporation. The Corporate Governance scheme, all along with the contracts of the all of the Board committee and the solution readying of the Board afford the construction for communal domination at The Coca-Cola Company.Ethical motives Conformity:The nucleus of the political orientation and public presentation plan at The Coca-Cola concern is our marks of Business behavior. The system conducts the concern behavior ; involves unity and dependability in all substances. All of the executives and decision makers are indispensable to analyze and recognize the system and prosecute its instructions in the administrative Centre and liberally proportioned society. The policy is managed by the company ââ¬Ës Ethics & A ; Compliance committee. This cross-functional superior disposal group supervises the full rules and acquiescence plans and resolutenesss system violations and ordinance. Our Ethics & A ; Compliance workplace has working liability for sophistication, treatment, analyzing and appraisal associated to the Code of industry perform and conformity concerns. Relates internationally obtain a mixture of moral codification and conformity direction options controlled by the Ethics & A ; Compliance Office. The company often screen and reexamine the concern to attest conformity with the system and the act. Coca-cola besides sustains a changeless remainder of best-in-class values about the universe that administrate how the company examine and keep Code concerns. In 2008, it modifies the Code to advance advancement its efficiency. More than 20,000 contacts concluded more than 30,000 personally and web-based Ethical motives and Compliance counsel conference from August 2007 in the path of June 2008. All correlatives will obtain in the flesh Code of company performs counsel in 2008. The company has skilled the contacts Code of covering accomplish, European Union competition jurisprudence, Latin American resistance jurisprudence, economic dependability, logical ownerships and spirited minds, drug-free bureau and avoids bureau ill will. In 2006, company revolved out a simplified cosmopolitan anti-bribery conformance plan with partizan schemes, preparation and reappraisal. In accretion, it extended the conformity plan in the part of United State operates approved with opinionative policies, direction and audits. Coca-cola associates, bottling co-workers, suppliers, habitues and clients can inquire questions about the Code and former moralss and conformity topics, or statement likely breach, through Ethical motives emanation, a cosmopolitan Web and telephone studies and exposure service. Phone calls are toll-free, and Ethical motives Line is accessible 24 hours a twenty-four hours, seven yearss a hebdomad, with gettable transcribers.Corporate Social Duty:Coca-cola Greece was recently documented for its commercial corporate duty efforts with 3 honours at the honored CSR differentiation Awards formal process. The CSR high quality Awards place achievement transversally all industries, non merely nutrient and drink, and are honoured by a committee includes of converting stakeholders, such as nongovernment associations and disposal representatives. The grasp of quality in 3 kind ââ¬Ës exhibits the compulsion of the coca-cola Company has for transporting the promises of subsist confidently phase to life at occupation and in the society. Continuous Achievement Award Human Resources Award Environment AwardVision 2020:The world is changing all around us. To protract to win as a concern for the following 10 old ages and beyond, we need to be required to gaze frontward, place with the inclination and services that will calculate out the concern in the chance and advancement rapidly to form for what ââ¬Ës to come. We have to acquire prepared for tomorrow today. That ââ¬Ës what the 2020 Vision is all sing. It produces a permanent purpose for the production and supplies coca-cola with a ââ¬Å" Route map â⬠for capturing reciprocally with the bottling spouses.Coca-cola MissionCoca-colas Roadmap commences by agencies of the mission, which is lasting. It proclaims the ground as a corporation and provides as the standard oppose which the company see the public presentation and declarations. To stimulate the universeâ⬠¦ To promote minutes of assurance and pleasanceâ⬠¦ To bring forth appraisal and compose a diverseness.Coca-cola visionThe Company ââ¬Ës vision is to supply the construction for the Roadmap and conducts each and every characteristic of the trade by explicating what the company necessitate to carry through in order to protract achieving sustainable, high quality development. ââ¬Å" Peoples: Be an tremendous circumstance to make occupation where individuals are enthused to be the best they can be. Portfolio: convey to the universe a portfolio of excellence drink trade names that predict and convince people ââ¬Ës demands and desires. Spouses: cultivate a charming system of consumers and providers ; jointly they produce common, permanent value. Planet: Be a painstaking national that makes a differentiation by functioning concept and maintain sustainable communities. Net income: exploit long-standing reaching to stockholders while being attentive of its all duties. Productiveness: Be an extremely efficient, thin and fast-moving organisation. â⬠Undertaking 2Management of Financial RiskHarmonizing to one-year study, it ââ¬Ës clearly apparent that, certain financial hazards faced by Coca-Cola Hellenic occur from unfavorable fluctuations foreign Exchange rates, in involvement rates, merchandise monetary values and other market hazards. Company Board of Directors has accepted the Treasury Policy and graph of Authority, which reciprocally afford the organized model designed for every exchequer and exchequer associated minutess.Currency HazardGiven the Group ââ¬Ës operation public presentation, they are showing to a major measure of foreign currency hazard. Coca-colas foreign currency revelation comes up from disagreeable transforms in trade rates with the euro, the US dollar and the exchanges within its non-euro Kingdoms. Operation constitutions begin largely from the stuffs acquired in exchanges such as the US dollar or euro which can ste er to maximal cost of trade in the functional currency of the state. Conversion constitutions occur as several of its processing includes efficient currencies other than euro, and any alteration in the functional currency against the euro impacts our amalgamate income statement and balance sheet when consequences are converted into euro. Coca-cola exchequer program involves the lie of come oning Twelve month estimated operational results contained by the distinguishable least ( 25 % ) and maximal ( 80 % ) exposure phases. Beat around the bushing off from a Twelve month span may originate, subject to convert greatest coverage degrees, granted the estimated minutess are highly believable. Where available, we use derivative fiscal instruments to cut down our cyberspace revelation to currency changeableness. These conventions by and large established in one twelvemonth.Interest HazardThe Team represents to market hazard happening from changing involvement rates, foremost and first in the euro zone. Intermittently they estimate the needed combination of fixed and drifting rate duty and accommodate the involvement disbursals based on the needed combination of debt. They cope up the involvement rate outgo by agencies of an agreement of lasting and drifting rate debt, involvement rate switch and pick cap understandings. Thou gh they have denial topographic point of mark for the mixture of set to drifting rate liabilities, traditionally they have been excess demoing to drifting rates as this has be inclined to move as a expected evade against on the whole concern hazard.Recognition HazardRecognition hazard is inhibited by a probationary process as to the option of likely oppose parties for exchequer traffics. The Company ââ¬Ës recognition hazard is handled by establishing a permitted opposition party and state confines, detailing the highest experience that they organized to acknowledge with respect to single counterparties or states. The limitations are reconsidered and observed on an expected footing.Liquid HazardThe common scheme is to keep a least measure of liquidness engages in the construction of currency on the balance sheet when prolonging the stableness of our liquidness engages in the assortment of idle dedicated comfortss, to do certain that the Company incorporate cost-efficient admit to enough economic assets to convene the fiscal support desires. These embrace the everyday backup of all its procedure in add-on as the support of the resource expense plan. In order to relieve the chance of liquidness restrictions, Company make an attempt to prolong a least of aââ¬Å¡Ã ¬250 million of financial headway. Monetary headway refers to the excess engaged support gettable, subsequently than sing hard currency flows from working public presentation, dividends, acquisitions, revenue enhancement disbursal, involvement disbursal and capital outgo demands. Hazard Map:10High 9 Quadrant II ( Detect & A ; proctor ) Quadrant I ( Prevent at Sources )8Significance 76Low 5 Quadrant IV ( Low Control ) Quadrant III ( Monitor )43211 2 3 4 5Low Likelihood HighThe hazard map places every hazard in the following four Quadrants:Prevent at beginning hazardHazards in this Quadrant are categorized as premier Hazards and are rated High precedency. They are important hazards that intimidate the achievement of concern intents. These hazards are reciprocally considerable in significance and likely to originate. They should be condensed or removed with defensive reins and must be organize appraisal and testing.Detect and Monitor RisksHazards in the quarter-circle are momentous, but they are fewer possible to originate. To do certain that the hazards stay small chance and are administered by the concern appropriately, they require detecting on a revolving base. Detective powers must be positioned into a topographic point to do certain that these high effect hazards will be identified in front of they harvest up. These hazards are 2nd chief concern behind premier hazards.Monitor RisksHazards in the quarter-circle are non really of import, but contain a superior possibility of go oning. These hazards should be watched decently to attest that they are being decently supervised and that their deduction has non distorted due to changing concern fortunes.Low Control RisksHazards in this quarter-circle are every bit unlikely to take topographic point and non considerable. They involve least observant and oversee if non attendant hazard class.Undertaking 3a )Hazard FactorsIn Further the consequent issues, which may extensively act upon the trade, fiscal circumstance or consequences of operations in future periods? The hazards explained below are non the individual hazards confronting Coca-Cola Company. Further risks non presently recognized by company or that they soon consider being inappropriate besides may efficaciously unfavorably impact the concern, economic status or consequence of operations in future periods.Current hazard faced by Coca-colaHealth Concerned RiskCustomers, communal physical status functionaries and authorities functionaries are suitably increasing concerned about the public fittingness effects connected with stalwartness, chiefly between adolescent public. And besides, few research workers, fittingness protagonists and nutritionary proces ss are heartening clients to diminish outgo of sugar-sweetened drinks, together with those sugared with HFCS or other alimentary sweetenings. Rising community anxiousness refering these affairs ; likely new dues and law-making system concerns the advertisement, labelling or handiness of the drinks ; and harmful publicity consequential from definite or endangered authorised public presentation in resistance to the coca-cola or other companies in its industry relating to the advertisement, labelling or trade of sugar-sweetened drinks might diminish demand for company ââ¬Ës drinks, which may perchance act upon its profitableness.Environmental HazardH2o ( H2O ) is the major component in significantly all of the coca-cola merchandises. It is besides a partial beginning in several parts of the universe, confronting supreme differences from over use, mounting taint, broken disposal and conditions alteration. As demand for H2O prolongs to heighten all-around the universe, and as H2O beco mes scarcer and the high quality of gettable H2O deteriorates, Company ââ¬Ës categorization might obtain increasing production costs or face possible boundaries which could destructively alter the productiveness or net purposeful returns in the drawn-out tally.Business & A ; fiscal hazardThe non-alcoholic drinks concern milieus is hurriedly developing as a consequence of, among other things, alterations in clients dispositions, together with altered based on wellness and nutrition concerned and obesity anxiousnesss ; variable consumer gustatory sensations and needs ; alterations in clients criterion of life ; and spirited merchandise and pricing demands. As good, their fabrication is being affected by the tendency toward consolidation in the market conduit, particularly in Europe and the United States. If they are unable to successfully accommodate to this quickly altering environment, the company ââ¬Ës portion of gross revenues, capacity growing and overall economic classs co uld be depressingly affected.Hazard factors which the Company may confront in futureTechnological HazardCoca-cola relies on informations based cognition system and strategies, include the Internet, to patterned advance, broadcast and store electronic information. Particularly, Coca-cola depends on its information engineering communications for digital advertisement public presentation and electronic substructure in its countries about the universe and between Company forces and our bottlers and other clients and providers. Defence misdemeanor of this substructure can make system breaks, closures or unauthorised revelation of classified information. If they are non capable to forestall such breaches, Company ââ¬Ës operations could be disrupting, or they might undergo economical harm or loss because of doomed or misappropriated information.Climate hazardThe gross revenues of the merchandises are inclined to several extents by clime fortunes in the markets in which they function. Qu eerly wintry or rainy weather conditions at some point in the summer months could hold a probationary effect on the insist for all its merchandises and contribute to lower gross revenues, which could hold an inauspicious consequence on our consequences of operations for such periods )Risk analysis & A ; direction techniquesRisk direction often concentrates on affairs of insurance. Conversely, there are figure of farther chief considerations when measuring countries of hazard into a large concernâ⬠¦ ab initio ; they require every bit dependability and the infrastructural proficiency to do the patterned advance. Second, they should wholly acknowledge their association, and its patterned advances and aims. And thirdly, they must be dwelling of support and keep up from the association and the administrative squad. Coca-cola Amatol ( CCA ) comes under the class of being hazard witting, but non obsessed by dictatorial status. CCA is increasing its hazard direction representation to pull off enterprise-wide and supply to the eventual productiveness of the concern. This consequence will be achieved non merely by prolonging sound concern determinations but besides all the manner through constellation of the organisation ââ¬Ës schemes with its stockholders ââ¬Ë and investors ââ¬Ë aspiration to do certain that efficient concern authorization is in topographic point. CCA, inside the broader coca-cola construction, is on an ERM expedition. They are determined to take out the conventional split and ââ¬Ësoloed ââ¬Ë attack that regularly exists in organisations and they are duty so by taking an blessing and ownership of the hazard direction procedure. At CCA they know the significance of the indispensable values of the ERM procedure. They are: a dedication to the journey ; an sensible model that embraces a general linguistic communication ; a unvarying attack to- no affair the nature of the concern unit or its aims ; a statement signifier that identifies stakeholders, corresponds the class and aims ; and drives literary alteration ; and guaranting advice of the result through an riddance of ââ¬Ëblack holes ââ¬Ë or ââ¬Ësilos ââ¬Ë .Risk Management PlanThere are four phases to put on the line direction planning. They are: Aà · Hazard acknowledgment Hazards Quantification Hazard reaction Hazard Monitoring and ControlTypesThere are several definite hazard direction techniques as there are kind of industry, but one time a hazard has been recognized and considered, mostly attempts at warranting the hazard autumn into four indispensable grouping in malice of the model. The initial, bar, can be every bit easy as non perpetrating in activity that manufactures the hazard, but this non merely eradicates hazard but possible benefits every bit good. Hazard decrease through concrete stairss is far more general, and the specifics will be associated to the type of concern and hazard involved. Hazard transference is besides extremely advantageous as when an accessible pick ; it involves outsourcing the trouble to an extra article such as in the class of get of insurance. Ultimately, hazard saving is predictable in a few instances where the hazards are either unlikely, or the costs of explanatory or reassigning the hazard are inordinate. C ) Communicating with interest holders Many of coca-cola stakeholders consist of all those who are by and large influenced by or who most influenced the means the company run the large concern. This includes clients, consumers, contractors, and workers, Government & A ; supervisors, NGOs plus the confined communities in which the company operates. Coca-cola regularly connect with its major stakeholders as exposed in Diagram In add-on, they conceded a elaborate probe in March 2007 to sort the most of import countries of concern for its stakeholders. This implicated a sequence of focal point groups with clients aged 18 and over and with work force of both CCE and CCGB. It besides incorporated the interviews with consumers, non-governmental administrations and the media. The survey exposed a strong understanding of appraisal between the diverse stakeholder groups and provided an obvious graph of the countries of liability they most require to concentrate on all these countries. Coca-cola stakeholder survey has besides helped out to polish its chance scheme on communal and ecological issues. On every key subject it contains ââ¬ËNext Step ââ¬Ë ââ¬â the act which has to be taken in the undermentioned twelvemonth to attest that the concern persists to do an optimistic impact.Consumer CommunicationOn June 11 2010 Coca-cola has published that the Coca-cola Poland has completed a first move a caput frontward in how it instructs clients sing recycling, by incorporating its ââ¬ËRecover-Recycle ââ¬Ë activity into every chief coca-cola labelled or supported immense events this twelvemonth. A huge My Coke trying plan, which happened between April and September 2010, is one of the cardinal promoting public presentations where coca-cola Poland will describe to clients about the net income of recycling through Recover-Recycle.Decision:There is no uncertainty that the Coca Cola is the 2nd largest drinks company in the universe. However, it should work on above mentioned lacks to get the better of them and strive to do its rivals lagged behind. The Company coca-cola have a corporate ( Head Office ) subdivision that is apt for giving the Company a mostly class and provided that sustain to the provincial formation. Means considered pick at the Coca-Cola Corporation are completed by a managerial Committee of 12 concerned Officers. This committee assisted to organize the six strategic precedences set out in old. The fiscal resources allotment for the Vision 2020 had been discussed under the six P ââ¬Ës as laid out by the company. International through to grass-roots and the c ommunity, Coca-Cola has strengthened its place as a football insider and this helps to construct the trade name and corporate repute of Coca-Cola. Last twelvemonth, Coca-cola saw its gross revenues decreased in UK market. In order to re make the gross revenues, Coca-cola to specify new communicating program such as ââ¬ËRecover-Recycle ââ¬Ë activity. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-86419977755071892812020-01-02T22:14:00.001-08:002020-01-02T22:14:03.215-08:00Erik Erickson Child Of An Extramarital Affair - 2795 Words Erik Erickson was born on June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany to a Jewish mother named, Karla. His journey of life began with misperception as to who his real father was; this is something that he died not knowing the actual facts. He was rumored to be the illegitimate child of an extramarital affair. Although he searched until the day of his death he never identified or met his biological father. ââ¬Å"At this point I realized that his lifelong quest to find his father would remain unfilled (Friedman, 2000). He was given his motherââ¬â¢s first husband name, Salomonsen, however this was only a brief marriage and ended long before Erikson was conceived. After his birth, Erickson and his mother lived in Europe his first 3 years of life. During that time Erikson and his mother formed a bond that lasted him a lifetime. When Erikson was the age of 3 his mother remarried. His mother married Eriksonââ¬â¢s pediatrician Dr. Theodore Homburger. Dr. Homburger did eventually adopt Eriks on and he was given the last name, Homburger. Once they were married they continued to build a family welcoming three daughterââ¬â¢s: Elna, Ruth, and Ellen. Growing up in a home with his family proved to be a challenge for Erikson because he never felt as though he was really part of this family. Erikson was raised Jewish, but due to the fact that he had blonde hair and blue eyes he was constantly picked on growing up. He felt very uncomfortable growing up and never liked traditional schooling, he was interested in Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-71154525119358258422019-12-25T18:40:00.001-08:002019-12-25T18:40:05.355-08:00My gendered story as a FEMALE/WOMAN Free Essay Example, 1000 words Introduction Sex of a human being plays an essential role at every stage of his life. Gender of a person shapes most of the personal, professional, social and family aspects of his life. Moreover, the environment in which a person grows also contributes towards development of beliefs and outlook related to gender. My life story is not different. My environment and the family background have played a major role in making me a feminine person that I am today. I am a twenty year old female studying in college. I used to think that I am quite an ambitious person by nature. However, when I saw the determination and drive of some of my male friends, I realized that I lack the same amount of drive to achieve my ambition. I am quite flexible by nature and have adaptability in my behavior. Moreover, my choices and emotions are very feminine. I am affectionate and caring by nature and like to look ââ¬Ëgirlyââ¬â¢. I do enjoy doing ââ¬Ëgirly thingsââ¬â¢ like being in clique, gossipi ng, wearing make up and aiming for shapely body. We will write a custom essay sample on My gendered story as a FEMALE/WOMAN or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now I even go through phases where I feel that my world will end if I go to a party with bad hair or inappropriate dress. Many of my decisions are based upon the gender influence on me. For example, when we have guests for dinner, my brothers go out to play very casually. However, I stay back to help my mother. If someone is sick at home, I display caring behavior and worry about that person. This behavior of mine has made me realize that I am a very ââ¬Ëfeminineââ¬â¢ girl. However, I also realize that what has made me a ââ¬Ëfeminineââ¬â¢ person is not just my gender but also the environment in which I was bought up. Gender and Society Gender can be defined as ââ¬Å"the cultural expectations and societal arrangements by which men and women have different experiences in societyâ⬠(Andersen 2). It was believed that with advancement in society and modernization of the world, perception about women will change and they will get equal treatment in the society. However, even today, there are many countries in the world where women get inferior treatment and their qualities are ignored. Different researches in the field of science have proved that there is great disparity and inconsistency in what people believe and what they actually end up doing (Mack et al. 13). Most often, peopleââ¬â¢s behavior is contradictory to their beliefs (Mack et al. 13). People in Western culture think that women and men are opposite and separate (Andersen 28) and hence, cannot be treated equally. Even in a developed country like the U. S., women are yet to get equal opportunities as men in different areas of life. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-48920219999429777022019-12-17T14:30:00.001-08:002019-12-17T14:30:04.184-08:00An Ocean Of Modesty And Lessons From My Mother - 1324 Words A dash of grammar, an ocean of modesty and lessons from my mother One of the greatest philosophers that contributed to the Latin literature, Seneca, once said: ââ¬Å"Non quia difficilia sunt non audemus, sed quia non audemus, difficilia suntâ⬠, meaning: ââ¬Å"It is not because things are difficult that we do not dare, it is because we do not dare that things are difficultâ⬠. (Seneca) Somewhere on a bookshelf, in an apartment, in a building, in a small town, in a not so well-known country, a first memory comes to mind: this small yellow old book which silently stood there waiting for my finger tips to discover it. ââ¬Å"Seneca s philosophical writingsâ⬠was the first philosophy book that I ever read. This book has changed my life from that firstâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦I was raised in a Christian orthodox family, with a younger sister and an older brother. In the beginning, it was just me and my older brother, followed after a few years when we had a younger sister, that we cared for. My parents build a beautiful home for us, a home that brings into my soul only beautiful memories. I remember with great love my first few simple toys, which did have a true meaning for me. Back then, I did not know what a laptop was, or a mobile phone, or Facebook. Instead I knew what it meant to jump the rope with friends in front of the house or play hide and seek. During my childhood the choices of having a good time were quite limited. The children s programs on television were only on Saturday and Sunday, each 15 min long, and during the week we had short educational shows about 30 minutes long. Because of that and for the reason that our Mom didnââ¬â¢t want us to get bored, she would read us a story every night. I am so grateful for all the stories she read to us, because this made me dream and develop my thinking, since I thought that all the stories were real. The passion for studying, it all started at home, from my parents who remind me every day how important it is to learn. I remember how every Sunday night; my mother would ask me to prepare for a new week of school. She made this our ritual, as we would check together Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-65293076917613387532019-12-09T11:13:00.001-08:002019-12-09T11:13:03.383-08:00Apocalypse Now And Heart Of Darkness Essay Example For Students Apocalypse Now And Heart Of Darkness Essay Placed in various time periods and settings, the novel Heart of Darkness, written by Joseph Conrad, and the movie Apocalypse Now, produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola, both create the same mysterious journey with various similarties and differences. The journeys mystery lies in the scene; it is one down a river by boat, deep in the jungle. The jungle is populated mainly with wild animals and a few natives. The reason for the expedition is to search for a sick man named Kurtz, who is followed by the natives and his men from their previous missions. In Heart of Darkness, the journey to find Kurtz, who is an ivory trader who has gone too deep into the jungles of Africa in search of ivory, while in Apocalypse Now, Kurtz is a high-ranking officer in the military who has disobeyed orders and is now fighting the Vietnam war in Cambodia with his unit in his own fashion. The protagonists in both the novel and the movie go through various changes while on their mission to find Kurtz. Marlow, who is the rookie captain of a ship, slowly begins to envision Kurtz as an immortal figure. In the movie, Willards state of mind ranges from being a demented soldier to a crazed assassin. Although they are on the same mission, Marlow and Willard face terribly different factors that affect their journey. The difference of experiences, location, technology, communication, and mindset all affect each character in different ways. Although they may have faced varying environments, in the end the result was the same, Kurtz is discovered as a sick and possibly demented individual. Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now are two strikingly similar yet subtly different stories that end in the same fashion. Since Heart of Darkness was based in the 1890s, Marlow experiences many things due to the lack of modern amenities and modern technologies. For example, a damaged steamer delays Marlows journey for almost three weeks. The delay is caused because Marlow and his crew could not get the rivets they needed to fix the steamer. A phone or radio could have helped Marlow fix his steamer earlier and gotten onto the water quicker. Three weeks might have been the difference between life and death for Mr. Kurtz. Another example of a lack of communication is the communication between stations: Is he alone there? Yes, answered the manager; he sent his assistant down the river with a note to me in these terms: Clear this poor devil out of the country, and dont bother sending another more of that sort. I had rather be alone than have the kind of men you can dispose of with me. It was more than a year ago. Conrad 100 If the communication between stations would have been better, Marlow may have known the conditions the station was in, and the area around it. Information about Kurtzs authority over the natives also could have helped save the life of a member of Marlows crew. Communication with Kurtzs station would have benefited Marlow and his mission, by saving precious time and lives. Another modern amenity Marlow could have used were detailed maps and reconnaissance. These tools would have allowed Marlow access to solving geographic issues preventing him from reaching Kurtzs station, such as a sandbank and a grassy islet. The sandbank and the grassy islet were what caused Marlow and his crew to be sitting ducks for the natives to shoot at. The necessary modern amenities may have made Marlows journey a shorter and safer one. During the times in which Apocalypse Now is based, many aspects of daily life evolved. These changes have profoundly affected civilized life, while those still out in the jungle may not have felt any of these effects at all. Willard dealt with different issues than Marlow because technology solved the many problems that Marlow faced. Willard did not have to deal with a lack of communication or reconnaissance, all of this was provided by radio, phone, and reconnaissance planes. Willard also knew about the conditions of Kurtzs location, he knew the natives followed Kurtz, and that it was going to be a gruesome scene when he arrived. Arms and the Man is one of George Bernard Shaw's successfully written plays that have become predominant and globally renowned EssayMarlow sees this, and now feels as if he must take care of Kurtz, to save an extraordinary human being. This is the exact opposite of how Willard feels in the movie. Willard is almost the exact opposite of Marlow, and he shows it from the beginning to the end of the movie. Willard begins the movie in a hotel room drunk, exploring the depths of his sorrow. Willard is experiencing with drawl from not being out in the jungle, fighting fordemocracy. Willard wishes to return to action, and soon his wish is granted. He is given a secret mission by the army to assassinate Kurtz. Willard does not seem up to the idea of being an assassin as he begins his journey, but by the end he has transformed into a full-fledged killer. Meeting Lieutenant Colonel Kilgore definitely has an effect on Willard. Kilgore shows Willard that life is difficult, and to be an American means being the best at everything. This is shown in the scene where Kilgore and his men are bombing a Vietnamese town, while playing music in the background. The music symbolizes American superiority and a feeling of invincibility. Willard and his crew are now making their way upriver, and they spot a Vietnamese fishing boat. Pulling it over for inspection, the situation drastically changes and they kill innocent people, but save a puppy. Willard is shown sitting on the opposite side of the boat observing as the event unfolds. Willard seems to notice the recklessness that life brings, and the utter disregard for life that the crew seemed to display. The only member who shows some sympathy is the Chef, who cries, but is ignored by the rest of the crew as if nothing had happened. It seems as if Willard suddenly cares less and less about the lives of others as he saw how fragile it was and how it easy it was to take it away. Willards conscience breaks when Lawrence Fishburnes character died. A child had died to fight in a war that made no sense, and now Willard is finally set on his mission to kill. As he pulls up into Kurtzs base, Willard sees the sickness and decided to rid of it. Meeting with the madman Kurtz only makes things worse, Willard is disgusted at what was going on. After he kills Kurtz, Willard seems confused on what he would do next, weather to give the order to bomb the village or let the innocent followers live. It was a major difference from Heart of Darkness, where Marlow goes back to England a more educated person, but not necessarily a mentally scarred person such as Willard. Though there are various differences and slight similarities, Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now both portray the same journey into the jungle and inescapably into each characters self. Although located in different regions of the world, in different time periods, with different factors, each character faced many different events and situations that inevitably changed their perspective. Marlow ultimately learned of the value of a life, and the effects one man can have on another. On the other hand Willard had gained a total disregard for human beings, and will probably stayed in the assassin mindset for a long period of time after the Vietnam War was over. Whether book or movie the ending was the same, the entertainment came in the subtle differences one could notice. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-57547097322811175082019-12-01T22:54:00.001-08:002019-12-01T22:54:02.479-08:00Overpopulation vs Overconsumption Essay ExampleOverpopulation vs Overconsumption Paper In the article ââ¬Å"Brazil: Amazon Deforestation Seen Surgingâ⬠, the author Reuters discusses the cause and effect of deforestation of the South American rainforestââ¬â¢s. Another article entitled ââ¬Å"Prevent Corals, Fish and Whales from Ocean Acidificationâ⬠written by the Center for Biological Diversity, approaches a different yet describes similar causes. Articles like these are being posted on the Internet constantly, causing people to question the source and suction Of these problems. In order for the solution to be found, the root of these problems must be brought to light. 1 2] In recent discussions regarding humans affect on the environment, the introverts lies with whether overpopulation or overcompensation is more harm to the environment, culture and the living conditions of future generations. The stakeholders affected by these issues are humans, including the general population (nationally and internationally), the government, and future generations. Societal consensus assumed that overpopulation is the main culprit. People often identify overpopulation with food shortages, farming of marginal lands, and detrimental effects on the environment. Another view highlights overcompensation as the main culprit because it rumps the negative effects of overpopulation. In sum, the question is whether our society should be more concerned about the large population growth occurring in places such as India, or the large amount of consumption in countries such as the U. S. Finding a solution to this issue will be complicated but is vital for those effected. The solution itself poses many questions: Who is responsible for the effects that are caused by overcompensation and overpopulation? Who will to take action and help solve the problem? How do we going to prevent further detriment to the earth and humanity? Overcompensation: Overcompensation has a detrimental affect on the environment, and our culture and our economy forces this issue into light. Those that believe that this is the main cause to these issues pose a good argument; their main point is that a small fraction of the worldââ¬â¢s population consumes the majority of the resources being produced. While it may seem like overpopulation is the issue at hand, this view shows that this may not be true, by stating different facts and beliefs that shows otherwise. We will write a custom essay sample on Overpopulation vs Overconsumption specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Overpopulation vs Overconsumption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Overpopulation vs Overconsumption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In a response to this controversy, a teacher in the SHiPS Teachers Network ousted a case study in which he or argues that overcompensation has more affect on humanity. The author makes it clear that he or she is biased, but gives facts that prove overcompensation is to blame. The teacher proves his or her point by stating some facts may be misconstrued. ââ¬Å"One author recently conveyed the alarming disparity in birth rates: in three generations, a German woman would have 6 descendants, in the U. S. , 14, and in Africa, 258. The implication, of course, was that by the middle of the next century, Africans would be depleting resources 18 times more quickly and damaging the environment 18 times more severely than people in industrialized nations. â⬠[5] This data leads one to believe that the main cause for the damage is overpopulation. But the author retorts with a strong argument to further his or her point. ââ¬Å"Who most affects the environment? According to one estimate, a person in the U. S. Has 50 times more adverse impact than someone in Bangladesh. An American, on the average, consumes 50 times as much steel and 300 times as much plastic as someone in India. When one examines consumption rather than just population, the environmental problem Of scarcity looks very different. â⬠The author then compares consumption to the camperââ¬â¢s familiar backcountry ethics saying, ââ¬Å"leave a campsite as you found itâ⬠, his or her point is that people that consume more than they produce are doing something wrong. After reading this teachers response, one could easily come to the conclusion that overcompensation is to blame. 5] After further research, an equation was found that could calculate the impact on humanity by taking into account three simple variables. The following can sum up the equation. Impact is equal to population multiplied y affluence (per capita consumption) multiplied by the technology used to produce goods (energy, waste). Paul Earlier created this equation, his point being that per capita consumption and technology are just as significant as the number of people when it comes to the impact on humanity. With this idea, it is easy to see how all three variables play an equal part in this issue. Overpopulation: While overcompensation seems to pose the greatest and most immediate threat, overpopulation is not to be ignored or taken lightly. In the world today, We kick at places like India and China and cringe when We hear the Vast mounts of people that live there. With an exponential growth rate, and reports of overcrowding in places all over the world, it is understandable that overpopulation is on the minds of the general population. While those who believe overpopulation is to blame, they understand that both issues pose a problem to the world today. Regardless of which has a bigger affect on earthââ¬â¢s resources, they accept the fact that most of the earthââ¬â¢s resources are being consumed by the few. The main argument that they make is that overcompensation is a huge problem, and overpopulation amplifies the impact that it has. In the article ââ¬ËWhere Should We Focusâ⬠, author Michael Hander delves into the controversy of overcompensation versus overpopulation. In this article, Hander first approaches the argument by stating a common goal of both parties. He focuses on the idea that because of our current rate of consumption, and the fast growth rate of the population, humanity cannot be sustained. By comparing the consumption of large economic nations, and those of third world countries, Hander contrasts the lifestyles of the average American with that of one from a developing country. ââ¬Å"On the other hand, cost third world consumption levels are between 0. 5 and 5 percent of ours. This vast difference is not because these people recycle, use little plastic or donââ¬â¢t drive a turbo-charged car O it IS because they have no car, no central heat, no refrigerator, and maybe no house at all! He then explains that Americans should not think of themselves as selfish as long as they consume at a reasonable rate. He goes on to state that Americans not only believe that they are morally right in consuming a reasonable amount, but they desire this level of consumption. Hander states, ââ¬Å"It is this lack of the most basic items, teems which most of us believe every human should be able to have, which make up most of the consumption difference between the haves and the have ontoâ⬠¦ We need to allow all of the worldââ¬â¢s citizens a reasonable lifestyle while at the same time heading toward sustainability. Hander furthers his point by saying that overpopulation is more important in the long run. Keeping his previous ideas in mind, he makes the statement that ââ¬Å"overpopulation occurs at a lower point with a higher standard of livingâ⬠. This makes sense because the third world countries will be consuming these items Americans consider basic once they develop further, raising the overall consumption of the world. In order for this to be achieved, population needs to be lowered. In the mind of Hander overpopulation control is not just as important to sustaining the earth, but more important. 13] Common Ground: While all views on this topic understand that both arguments have importance, they each seem to find their own views of higher importance. But while they lack this ability to agree on who causes the most problems, they both take responsibility for the effects that they have on humanity and everything that is concerned. In order to make it easier, breaking up the effects of these two issues is essential. The effects on culture and the environment are the same, regardless of the cause, and will be covered thoroughly. To start, the most obvious effect of these two issues is displayed in the environment. As the population continues to grow, and consumption in 3rd world countries rises, we will eventually run out of room and supplies to sustain the general population. While this is a long-term affect that is unlikely to ever have a solution, there are short-term affects that inhibit our ability as unmans to enjoy living on this beautiful earth. As discussed in the introduction, deforestation and the decreasing numbers in fish, whales, and coral are examples of extreme effects on the environment. According to Amy Hardwood in the article ââ¬Å"Overpopulation and Extinctionâ⬠we are currently in Earthââ¬â¢s sixth mass extinction. In her article she estimates that 30,000 species are going extinct every year. Hardwood effectively shows a direct relationship between population increase, and extinction rate. She observes that this is the first of the 6 mass extinctions on earth to be caused by one species, and to planetary or galactic processes. With obvious examples displayed before us everyday, it would be ignorant to not acknowledge the detrimental effects that overpopulation and consumption are having on the environment. 7] Interestingly, overcompensation and overpopulation affect the way we live and have far reaching cultural effects. Because we see the harm that we are causing, we find it essential to do something in order to prevent this. This may be using less energy, recycling, buying less materialistic items, etc. A much deeper effects can be related directly to these issues. In an article Ritter by Knap Shah called ââ¬Å"Creating the Consumerââ¬â¢, Shah expands the idea that consumption in America hasnââ¬â¢t always been so abundant. To support this claim, the author highlights the mindset of Americans as early settlers or Europeans. He describes how living conservatively used to be the norm, and only the wealthy were able to live lavishly and spend excess amounts on comfort. This mindset was maintained by religion and social pressure because spending lavishly was frowned upon and considered wasteful. [2] In a Survey conducted by Hander, ââ¬Å"only 21 percent said they would be willing o do without a car and only 13 percent would forgo their Quarter-bounders with cheeseâ⬠. 13] then read, ââ¬Å"Overcompensation wonââ¬â¢t Save Americaâ⬠by David Scrota. The description of an American that Scrota gave was that of a selfish and ignorant person. He describes the American mindset with the phrase ââ¬Å"shop till you dropâ⬠, and mentions that it is a vital flaw in most Americans. ââ¬Å"The most recent holiday binge exemplified the impending crisis. Despite persistent unemployment, flat wages and higher prices for necessities (food, healthcare, etc. ), America nonetheless went on its usual post-Thanksgiving buying spree. This frustrated me, while at the same time motivating me to find a way to learn from his words. [1 0] When considering possible solutions, it is important to take all sides into account. While this may not seem possible due to the vast differences in opinions, it may be feasible. With this in mind it is key to look past the arguments posed by each side, and use the middle ground to find a solution. The question that needs an answer isnââ¬â¢t which poses a greater threat to the world, the people who live here, and the people who will live here. But, it is how humans can work together to formulate a method to slow the institution of this earthââ¬â¢s resources and space. In order for this to be accomplished, it is key that both sides understand the importance of the opposing view. By reading through many articles and papers written from both point of views, it should be easier to formulate a plan. As they both have proven to be threats to the world, so too should the solution incorporate both problems. Overcompensation is the short-term problem of the two, and as such this problem should be solved first. There is no easy way to prevent higher output countries like America from consuming more than their fair share. But cause these places with higher consumption are shown to have a higher gap, we can infer that they also have a higher standard of education. While this is not true in all circumstances, it is true for America, and we definitely are to blame for consuming way over the average. ââ¬Å"With world population at 6 billion and rising, the richest 20% of humanity consumes 86% of all goods and services used, while the poorest fifth consumes just 1. 3%. [4] With this in mind, preventing overcompensation will have to Start in these higher educated, yet over consuming countries. The idea is to appeal to the nations tit higher education. With proof that material objects donââ¬â¢t create happiness, it is important to show that the lower consuming, and lower standards of living may be a more appealing lifestyle. ââ¬Å"First, we need to recognize that there are more effective and satisfying ways to achieve fulfillment than by simply buying more stuff. â⬠[9] In this article, ââ¬Å"Toward a Solutionâ⬠author Vicki Robin shows the relationship between the need for money, and unhappiness. She captivates the reader by showing that it is time spent doing what we love with people we love that makes us happy, and not mime spent earning money to buy more and more goods adjust cause stress and complications. Robin proves her point by stating, m{et surveys have shown that our happiness peaked in 1957, when families had smaller houses, 1 car (at most), 1 bathroom and 1 television (black white)ââ¬âand Vicars, personal computers and cordless phones didnââ¬â¢t exist. â⬠Here lies the solution. This county was brought into debt and want for material needs through social pressure and advertising. By eliminating the idea that money buys happiness, and having more things will satisfy our wants, we should be able o reduce our consumption to reasonable levels. In order to do this the country will have to work as a whole. Children of this generation, while being spoiled and materialistic, seem to have seen the effects that this material wants have had on their parents and their lifestyles. People are saving more, learning to stay out of debt and manage their money more wisely. This is just the start but with a push, a lower and a more realistic standard of living may bloom. When it comes to overpopulation, there is no easy answer to this beast of a problem. Humans reproducing at an exponential rate will eventually use up ND destroy earth, as we know it. This is inevitable. But small changes to our culture and cultures around the world may slow this growth, and increase our time and happiness here. In my opinion the solution to this is simple. It doesnââ¬â¢t include limiting the number of children couples can have, or killing those who donââ¬â¢t deserve the space they are taking up. In my mind the solution to this is to enjoy our time while we can. This plays largely into the solution given for overcompensation. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-42616359890261047842019-11-26T21:08:00.001-08:002019-11-26T21:08:06.011-08:00How to Identify the 10 Different Types of CloudsHow to Identify the 10 Different Types of Clouds SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you need to know the different types of clouds for school, or are you just interested in whatââ¬â¢s up there in the sky? At first glance, all clouds can look pretty much the same, but with a bit of knowledge and practice you can soon learn how to tell exactly which kind of cloud youââ¬â¢re looking at. In this guide, we show you all the steps to becoming a cloud-identifying expert. Weââ¬â¢ll go over the ten main types of clouds and give you the info you need to identify each cloud type, including cloud names, their shape, height in the sky, color, and the weather you can expect them to bring. Weââ¬â¢ll end with some additional tips for identifying clouds, including easy tricks to differentiate similar-looking cloud types. The 10 Main Types of Clouds How many types of clouds are there? Generally speaking, there are ten main types of clouds youââ¬â¢ll see in the sky, and we discuss each of them below. For each of these different types of clouds, weââ¬â¢ve included a picture of the cloud, a short description, and the following additional information: Height: Where in the sky the cloud typically occurs (low-level, mid-level, or high-level) Color: The color of the cloud Shape: The form the cloud typically takes Weather: The weather the cloud is usually associated with or predicts Altocumulus Image source: Angelo Su/Flickr Height: Mid Color: White Shape: Heap-like and often grouped together Weather: Varies Altocumulus clouds are fairly common clouds that look like round white or gray patches in the sky. They are sometimes grouped in parallel lines and have been described as looking similar to tufts of wool or fish scales. Altostratus Image source: Wonderlane/Flickr (cropped from original) Height: Mid Color: White or light gray Shape: Thick and flat Weather: Usually indicate warmer weather is approaching; can cause light precipitation These clouds form a white or gray layer that blankets the sky at mid-level. There are usually no patches of blue sky when these clouds appear, but the sun is often visible as a dimly lit disk behind the clouds (although no shadows appear on the ground). Cirrocumulus Height: High Color: White or gray Shape: Rows of small patchy clouds Weather: Typically sunny and cold Cirrocumulus clouds are much smaller than most other types of clouds, and they are sometimes called cloudlets. They are found at high altitudes and are made of ice crystals. They often are arranged in parallel rows. They are one of the rarer types of clouds and usually donââ¬â¢t last long. Cirrostratus Image source: aivas14/Flickr Height: High Color: Transparent/white Shape: Wispy, but thicker than cirrus clouds Weather: Varies These are transparent, wispy clouds that cover most or all of the sky. The best identifier for cirrostratus clouds is a halo or ring of light surrounding the sun or moon. Cirrus Height: High Color: White Shape: Wispy or feathery Weather: May mean a warm front is approaching Wispy clouds located high in the atmosphere are likely cirrus clouds. They are thin and white with lots of blue sky visible. They can occur in fair weather or when a warm front or large storm is approaching. Cumulonimbus Height: Low (although can span all layers) Color: Pale to dark gray Shape: Dense and towering Weather: Thunderstorms Cumulonimbus are the classic ââ¬Å"thunderstorm cloudsâ⬠and are large towering clouds that are often dark in color. Seeing them is a sign that a storm is likely on its way. They can be very large, appearing like a mountain (sometimes with a flat top). Cumulus Height: Low Color: White Shape: Fluffy, tall, often described as looking similar to cauliflower Weather: Typically sunny The stereotypical puffy cloud you probably drew a lot of when you were a kid, cumulus clouds are dense individual clouds that are bright white on top and gray underneath. They typically appear earlier in the day when itââ¬â¢s sunny. Nimbostratus Image source: KNOW MALTA by Peter Grima/Flickr Height: Low Color: Dark gray Shape: Large thick layer Weather: Steady rain or snow Nimbostratus clouds form a thick, dark layer across the sky. They are often thick enough to blot out the sun. Like cumulonimbus clouds, they are associated with heavy precipitation, but, unlike cumulonimbus, you canââ¬â¢t pick out individual nimbostratus clouds. Stratocumulus Height: Low Color: White Shape: Fluffy Weather: Appear before or after a front/when there is weak convection in the atmosphere Stratocumulus clouds are somewhat similar to cumulus clouds but are flatter, thicker, and darker. There is less blue sky between the clouds, and the weather will appear more cloudy than sunny. Stratus Image source: Wikimedia commons Height: Low Color: Gray or white Shape: Featureless flat layer Weather: Gloomy weather, sometimes with light precipitation Similar to fog (but on the horizon instead of on the ground), stratus clouds are a gray featureless layer of clouds that cover all or most of the sky. Tips for Identifying Different Types of Clouds Even meteorologists can sometimes struggle with identifying certain clouds, so it helps to have a few tricks to fall back on. Use the following four tips to help you differentiate the various cloud types and figure out which type is currently in the sky. #1: Figure Out the Shape Typically, the easiest way to tell different types of clouds apart is by looking at their shape There are three main different cloud shapes, and they all look quite different from one another, so identifying the shape will help you narrow down your options easily before moving onto other steps and identifiers to determine which specific cloud type youââ¬â¢re looking at. Below are the three main cloud shapes (along with the cloud names) and the types of clouds that fall under them. Puffy (Cumulo-form) Cumulus Altocumulus Stratocumulus Cumulonimbus Cirrocumulus Thick layer (Strato-form) Stratus Altostratus Nimbostratus Wispy (Cirro-form) Cirrus Cirrostratus #2: Look at Where They Are in the Sky Once youââ¬â¢ve figured out the shape, the next step is to determine where the cloud is in the sky: low, mid, or high-level. This is a bit trickier than just deciding on shape and can take some practice to get good at it, but once you can reliably tell where a cloud is in the sky along with its shape, you often have enough info to correctly identify it. High-Level Cirrus Cirrostratus Cirrocumulus Mid-Level Altostratus Altocumulus Low-Level Stratus Stratocumulus Cumulus Nimbostratus Cumulonimbus (although can span all layers) #3: Consider the Weather When youââ¬â¢re trying to identify clouds, donââ¬â¢t just focus on the clouds themselves; remember to look at the rest of the sky. The current or expected weather can help you with cloud identification, since many clouds are associated with a particular type of weather. Sunny Weather Cirrocumulus Cumulus Gloom and/or Steady Precipitation Stratus Nimbostratus Altostratus Storms Cumulonimbus Variable Weather Stratocumulus Cirrus Cirrostratus Altocumulus #4: Know Tricks for Identifying Similar-Looking Clouds Even after youââ¬â¢ve sorted the kinds of clouds youââ¬â¢re looking at into the correct categories based on shape, height in the sky, and accompanying weather, you may still be struggling between a couple different cloud types. And itââ¬â¢s true, there are some cloud types that look very similar to each other. Below are some tips for differentiating between similar-looking cloud pairs. Cirrus vs Cirrostratus Both these cloud types have similar wispy shapes, but cirrostratus clouds cover much more of the sky compared to cirrus clouds. Cirrus clouds will have lots of blue sky accompanying them, while for cirrostratus clouds, little or no sky will be visible, and the sun will likely be behind the clouds (typically with a ââ¬Å"haloâ⬠around it). Cumulus vs Stratocumulus Both of these clouds have a puffy shape, but stratocumulus clouds have a more flattened, thicker, and darker appearance compared to cumulus clouds, which look more like puffs of cotton. Altocumulus vs Stratocumulus These two kinds of clouds look similar, but they are different sizes. If you hold your hand up to the sky, a stratocumulus cloud will be about the size of your first, while an altocumulus cloud will be closer in size to your thumb. Stratus vs Nimbostratus vs Altostratus These three cloud types can be difficult to tell apart since they all have a similar shape. Below is a unique identifier for each one. Stratus: Cloud type lowest to the ground; just slightly higher than fog. Can cause light precipitation. Nimbostratus: The clichà © ââ¬Å"rainâ⬠cloud; dark in color and accompanied by steady precipitation. Altostratus: Less thick and doesnââ¬â¢t produce precipitation. Summary: What Are the Types of Clouds? If can be difficult to keep track of cloud names and the main types of clouds when youââ¬â¢re not sure what youââ¬â¢re looking for. Fortunately, a bit of studying is all that is required to easily identify most clouds. There are ten main types of clouds: Altocumulus Altostratus Cirrocumulus Cirrostratus Cirrus Cumulonimbus Cumulus Nimbostratus Stratocumulus Stratus You can identify these different kinds of clouds in three main ways: Shape Height in sky Accompanying weather There are also various tips you can use to differentiate between two types of clouds that look similar. What's Next? Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa). Are you also learning about dynamic equilibrium in your science class? We break this sometimes tricky concept down so it's easy to understand in our complete guide to dynamic equilibrium. Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about? Our guide to research paper topics has over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-76860703878493580712019-11-23T04:42:00.001-08:002019-11-23T04:42:05.152-08:00About the Influential Henry Hobson RichardsonAbout the Influential Henry Hobson Richardson Famous for designing massive stone buildings with semicircular Roman arches, Henry Hobson Richardson developed a late Victorian style that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Some people have argued that his architectural design is the first truly American style- that up to this point in American history, building designs were copied from what was being built in Europe. H.H. Richardsons 1877 Trinity Church in Boston, Massachusetts has been called one of the 10 Buildings That Changed America. Although Richardson himself designed few houses and public buildings, his style was copied throughout America. No doubt youve seen these buildings- the big, brownish red, rusticated stone libraries, schools, churches, row houses, and single-family homes of the wealthy. Background: Born: September 29, 1838 in Louisiana Died: April 26, 1886 in Brookline, Massachusetts Education: Public and private schools in New Orleans1859: Harvard College1860: Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris Famous Buildings: 1866-1869: Unity Church, Springfield, Massachusetts (Richardsons first commission)1883-1888: Allegheny County Courthouse, Pittsburgh, PA1872-1877: Trinity Church, Boston, MA1885-1887: Glessner House, Chicago, IL1887: Marshall Field Store, Chicago, IL About Henry Hobson Richardson: During his life, cut short by kidney disease, H.H. Richardson designed churches, courthouses, train stations, libraries, and other important civic buildings. Featuring semicircular Roman arches set in massive stone walls, Richardsons unique style became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Henry Hobson Richardson is known as the First American Architect because he broke away from European traditions and designed buildings that stood out as truly original. Also Richardson was only the second American to receive formal training in architecture. The first was Richard Morris Hunt. The architects Charles F. McKim and Stanford White worked under Richardson for awhile, and their free-form Shingle Style grew out of Richardsons use of rugged natural materials and grand interior spaces. Other important architects influenced by Henry Hobson Richardson include Louis Sullivan, John Wellborn Root, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Richardsons Significance: He had a superb sense of rather monumental composition, an uncommon sensitivenss to materials, and a creative imagination in the way to use them. His stone detailing especially was unusually lovely, and it is not strange that his buildings were imitated far and wide. He was an independent planner as well, continually feeling for greater and greater originality....Richardsonian came in the popular mind to mean, not sensitivenss to material, nor independece of design, but rather the indefinite repetition of low, wide arches, intricate Byzantinelike ornament, or dark and somber colors.- Talbot Hamlin, Architecture through the Ages, Putnam, Revised 1953, p. 609 Learn More: H. H. Richardson: Complete Architectural Works by Jeffrey Karl Ochsner, MIT PressLiving Architecture: A Biography of H.H. Richardson by James F. OGorman, Simon SchusterThe Architecture of H. H. Richardson and His Times by Henry-Russell Hitchcock, MIT PressThree American Architects: Richardson, Sullivan, and Wright, 1865-1915 by James F. OGorman, University Of Chicago PressHenry Hobson Richardson and His Works by Mariana Griswold Van Rensselaer, DoverHenry Hobson Richardson. A Genius for Architecture by Margaret H. Floyd, Photographs by Paul Rocheleau, Monacelli PressH. H. Richardson: The Architect, His Peers, and Their Era by Maureen Meister, MIT Press Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-450935162254607892019-11-21T04:12:00.001-08:002019-11-21T04:12:07.517-08:00Modern Business in Comparative Perspective Essay - 11Modern Business in Comparative Perspective - Essay Example The managerial enterprise concept has been evolved from the ââ¬Å"Theory of Firmsâ⬠as proposed by Chandler. The theory of firms is linked with various managerial concepts as used in the organisations. The theory is developed with respect to large firms to explain the reason behind success. The Chandlerââ¬â¢s model comprises of economic components that explains the causes behind the existence of large managerial enterprises. In order to develop long-term success it is essential to expand organisational capabilities with respect to professional skills. According to the ââ¬Å"Visible handâ⬠concept developed by Chandler the large firms exists because of increased investment in managerial hierarchy of the organisation. Such investments results into productivity gain that in turn results success for the organisation (Bucheli & et. al., 2010). It has been further stated in the theory that managers of an organisation face difficulties in predicting the market demand. The the ory also analyses the natures of investment made by the firms. According to the concept proposed by Chandler the firms should invest in production facilities to exploit the economies of scale. Apart from the need for technological development, it also focussed for the success of the large firms in the long run. A further investment in marketing and distribution of product is essential to raise the volume of sales with respect to the production capacity of the firms. The higher authority of the organisation takes the investment decisions for greater effectiveness. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-36897291818017882272019-11-19T18:05:00.001-08:002019-11-19T18:05:03.319-08:00Tourism destinations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsTourism destinations - Essay Example Introduction Tourism activities all over the world take place at particular destinations. Destinations are very important parts of tourism since they determine whether the country is exciting to tourists or not. Most tourists get attracted to various destinations in the world through destination marketing organizations. In Australia, the marketing of various tourist destinations is done by an organization known as tourism Australia. A destination may refer to any location in any country. However, tourists may define destinations to mean those naturally attractive sites that are pleasing to explore. Destination can be a specific geographical area or a combination of several locations. Further, in the perspective of a tourist, destination can be defined as any area that has appealing attributed and services that would enable them choose the place for their leisure purposes. To succeed in destination marketing, organization such as tourism Australia should undertake a thorough analysis of the market. They should also determine other competitive destinations that can pose challenges to the Australian tourism sector. The analysis of the market should include the assessment of factors such as hotel accommodations, nature, historic sites and other attractions in the tourist destination. Other aspects that must be considered by the destination marketing organizations include security and the cleanliness of the place (Svarcas, Cass & Australian National Audit Office 5). Ningaloo Reef and Shark Bay, Western Australia Ningaloo reef is an exciting place to visit in Australia. It is also one of the best tourist attraction sites where tourists can watch as swim with the worldââ¬â¢s largest fish known as shark. The sharks congregate in this place shortly after the collection of coral spawning; this takes place in every third month of the year. Ningaloo reef is located in the North West region of Australia and is approximately 1200km from Perth. In addition, the reef is abo ut 260 km in length and is the only reef in Australia that is located close to a landmass. The reef is also famous for its ability to allow for the feeding and the mating of sharks. This reefs provides a favorable breeding ground to ensure that the number of sharks do not reduce to extinction levels. There are several species of fish as coral that constitute the Ningaloo reef which attract several tourists to the site every year (Ningaloo par 1). Shark Bay Shark bay has one of the best coastal scenery and islands that provide exciting leisure adventures to tourists. Shark bay is located in the western part off Australia and has an area of about 4,800 km2. Other exciting species of animals that live in Shark bay include the Dugong and the Stromatolites. Stromatolites are members of the algae family that is said to be some of the ancient forms of life the world. The shark bay Tourist attraction is an important site in providing habitat for several endangered species of animals. Some o f the endangered species of animals in Australia are actually found in this tourist site. The endangered species of animals include the Boodie, Rufous, Hare-Wallaby, Banded Hare Wallaby, the shark bay mouse and the Western barred. These species of animals Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7760175763930839682.post-45733304561093202922019-11-17T06:36:00.001-08:002019-11-17T06:36:05.554-08:00Working in the kitchen area Essay Example for Free Working in the kitchen area Essay The advert could also include other material that might attract a wider net of suitable candidates. For example, it might briefly outline the philosophy of the organisation, its positive attitude to disabled people, or its commitment to family friendly policies.à In general, the advert should be presented so that it captures reader attention, arouses interest in the company, creates desire and incites readers to action. A good advertisement will attract prospective candidates but deter those who would be unsuitable to meet the specifications of the job. It is also essential that the job advert conforms with equal opportunities legislation. There are several different methods used by businesses to compile a short list of candidates. Most typically, applicants are asked to return curriculum vitae (CV), a completed application form or a letter of application. Sometimes they are asked to supply two, and occasionally all three, of these different means of job application.à These applications are then used to assess the strengths and weaknesses of applicants, which allow the business to draw up a short list to go through to the final stage of the selection process. At this point, there is a further piece of recruitment documentation used within the interview process a form of recording and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of each candidate during the interview. This is considered as part of an in depth look at interview techniques. The whole interview process is very important for McDonalds because they want their organisation to attract and recruit the highest calibre people available.à Having recruited them its crucial that McDonalds then go on to develop and motivate them, meaning they can perform to their highest potential. McDonalds are keen to give recognition to their staff and reward them according, this then motivates them to work harder and achieve more with McDonalds, this is done by giving them a employee discount card, they also give them service awards every 3, 5, 10, 20 years you have stayed with McDonalds, each time they will get something special, such as a holiday trip, more time off work, McDonalds will then hope that this scheme will keep employees on board for many years, as theres always something else for the employee to achieve, having employees stay longer for McDonalds is also a priority so for them, this is because it saves a lot of money as they dont have to go through the recruiting and training process, for employees to stay longer they will try to recruit friends or family members of existing employees. Another scheme they use to give recognition and to motivate staff is employee of the month / year awards. This rewards consistent hard workers by giving extended holidays and by also putting their name, picture and McDonalds location on a plaque with other contenders for the award, McDonalds know there are other fast foods stores potential employees could join, so thats the reason why McDonalds offer competitive pay and benefits to their staff, for instance in the first year alone McDonalds offer 3 pay reviews, so if a member of staff has excelled they will get an pay rise as an incentive to work, added to this they also get a private healthcare and free life assurance after 1 year. At McDonalds the staff can become bored due to the repetitiveness of the work, therefore McDonalds need to ensure that their employees are motivated and there is good morale, otherwise they can potentially suffer of poor performance, as a result poor performance can lose the business a lot of money and may deter customers away from there branch. So to make sure employees are happy with their job McDonalds may consider introducing job rotation to the member of staff if they feel he/she is capable. E.g. more outgoing people are more suited to working on the tills and checking over customers, while less talkative or those who can handle pressure are better suited to working in the kitchen area.à Motivating staff isnt just about incentives, it has much to do with the way employers treat and manage staff. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11995615941865434266noreply@blogger.com0